Duction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) [35]. The reaction mixture consisted of 0.three mL of phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH = 7.eight), 0.3 mL of methionine (130 mM), 0.3 mL of NBT (0.75 mM), 0.three mL of edetate disodium (0.1 mM),0.3 mL of riboflavin (0.02 mM), and 1.five mL of enzymatic extract. The reaction mixture was incubated below visible light conditions for 20 min at area temperature. The absorbance was measured at 560 nm applying a UV is spectrophotometer. 1 unit of SOD activity (U) was defined because the quantity of enzyme required to inhibit the photochemical reduction of NBT by 50 . 2.7. Statistical Analysis All statistical analyses have been carried out using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The information are expressed because the mean values with normal deviation values (imply SD) of triplicate treatments. Information were analyzed working with one-way evaluation of variance (ANOVA) and differences have been considered statistically important at p 0.05. 3. Outcomes and Discussion three.1. Growth Traits and Lipid Accumulation of Microalgae below Distinct Nanoparticle Concentrations The 3-Hydroxymandelic Acid custom synthesis biomass of Chlorella sp. UJ-3 improved together with the addition of Fe3 O4 NPs in a particular concentration range, but additional increases in the concentration of Fe3 O4 NPs resulted Iberdomide Autophagy within a reduce in biomass (Figure two). P rovet al. also found equivalent trends in experiments on a variety of microalgae with zero-valent iron nanoparticles [4]. Higher concentrations of nanoparticles happen to be shown to inhibit algal biomass growth, almost certainly because the addition of nanoparticles creates a shadowing effect that blocks photosynthetic electron transport and affects photosynthesis, eventually affecting the growrth of algal cells [36,37]. The total lipid content of Chlorella sp. UJ-3 did not adjust significantly at low concentrations of Fe3 O4 NPs, though at high concentrations of Fe3 O4 NPs the total lipid content elevated considerably (Figure two). Although the biomass of algal cultures decreased at larger concentrations of Fe3 O4 NPs, the total lipid production improved because of the improve in total lipid content material. Nevertheless, the total lipid production was reduce at 200 mg/L of Fe3 O4 NPs due to the sharp reduce in algal biomass. The composition and content of fatty acids are shown in Table S2. It was discovered that Chlorella sp. UJ-3 includes a wide variety of fatty acids, in which the saturated (C16:0 and C18:0), monounsaturated (C16:1 and C18:1), and polyunsaturated (C18:2, C18:three, C20:five) fatty acids would be the big fatty acids in Chlorella sp. UJ-3. The results showed that the composition and content material of fatty acids were just about unchanged when algal cells were exposed to low concentrations of Fe3 O4 NPs. Nonetheless, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of Chlorella sp. UJ-3 improved when higher concentrations of Fe3 O4 NPs have been applied (Figure 3).Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2802 Nanomaterials 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW6 of 16 six ofFigure two. Biomass, total lipid contents, and lipid production of Chlorella sp. UJ-3 exp Figure two. Biomass, Figure two. Biomass, totallipid 4contents, and lipid production of Chlorella days; Various a variety of concentrationstotalFe3Ocontents, and lipid production of Chlorella sp. UJ-3 exposed to several on th of lipid nanoparticles (Culture time: 21 sp. UJ-3 exposed to letters concentrations of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Culture time: 21 days; Unique letters around the best of column concentrations of Fe3 O4 differences involving 21 days; a, b, c, letters around the best of column indicate significantnanopartic.
