Bacteria [110]. Enzymes present in soil diazotrophicof saline and sodic soil fertility, and microbialEnzymes present in properly an S116836 Protocol indicator microbes and heterotrophic bacteria [110]. amendments of soil soil could also functionfertility on the soil [111]. and sodic soil fertility, and microbial amendments boost the as an indicator of saline of soil correctly enhance the fertility of the soil [111]. six. Effects of Irrigation-Induced Salinity and Sodicity on Groundwater 6. Effects of Irrigation-Induced Salinity and Sodicity on Groundwater concentration of Salinity and sodicity in irrigated locations may very well be brought on by a greater salts Salinity and sodicity in irrigated regions may very well be brought on by a surface concentration of and sodium either in soil or irrigation water (either from a greater or groundwater salts andIrrigation-induced soil or irrigation water (either from a surfacethe groundwater source). sodium either in salinity and sodicity can adversely affect each or chemical and source). Irrigation-inducedgroundwater system by means of numerous have an effect on both the chemical the physical properties of a salinity and sodicity can adversely and usually interconnected plus the physical properties of a groundwater groundwater contamination [6]. pathways (Figure 2) that could result in long-term technique by way of numerous and typically interconnected pathways (Figure 2) which can cause long-term groundwater contamination [6].Agriculture 2021, 11,7 ofAgriculture 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW7 ofFigure 2. Effects of irrigation-induced salinity and sodicity hazards on groundwater. Figure 2. Effects of irrigation-induced salinity and sodicity hazards on groundwater.When the saline- and sodic-irrigated water infiltrates and reaches the groundwater When the saline- and sodic-irrigated water infiltrates and reaches the groundwater table, it 1st increases the water’s pH and, over time, contaminates the aquifer. The table, it initially increases the water’s pH and, over time, contaminates the aquifer. The groundwater salinity could additional impact the water high-quality regionally, connected aquifers groundwater salinity could further have an effect on the water quality regionally, asas connected aquican result in regional impacts [112]. The extent and severity from the contamination, however, fers can lead to regional impacts [112]. The extent and severity of your contamination, could differ together with the together with the sort of salt, concentration, and climate geography. Alternahowever, could differ variety of salt, concentration, and climate geography. Alternatively, the use of saline/sodic groundwater for irrigation could have an effect on the impact altering its physiotively, the usage of saline/sodic groundwater for irrigation could soil bythe soil by altering chemical properties properties and structure the presence the presence of salinity in its physio-chemical and structure [113]. Therefore, [113]. Therefore,of salinity or sodicity eitheror soil or groundwater or groundwater every single contaminate each other even though, at the same sodicity either in soilcould contaminatecould other when, in the same time, could have an equally damaging effect on crop growth [114,115]. time, could have an equally negative effect on crop development [114,115]. In semi-arid regions, developments pumping technologies have exponentially inIn semi-arid regions, developments in in pumping technologies have exponentially elevated Cetylpyridinium custom synthesis groundwater-based irrigation, which has subsequently decreased the salinity creased groundwater-based irrigation, which has subsequent.
