Iscourage the use of PD as an RRT modality given that it can be relatively cheaper than HD, requiring minimal supervision by trained nephrologists and creating time for the patient to be otherwise gainfully employed.[25] The opportunity to be able to keep a job is especially important in a young ESRD population like ours. Moreover, we have previously reported comparable outcomes for patients on PD in South Africa with those from developed countries.[26] Our study is not without a number of limitations. Its retrospective design (with the inherent problem of missing records) made it difficult to assess all relevant socioeconomic, clinical and laboratory parameters known to be associated with mortality in dialysis patients as these had not been adequately documented. From the foregoing also, the efficiency of the delivered dose of therapy (HD and PD) over the duration could not be reliably extracted. However given the socioeconomic and demographic landscape of South Africa, this type of study can be prospectively set up to investigate mortality outcomes among rural dwellers. Similarly, comparative prospective studies assessing the outcomes between rural and urban dwellers will further define the clinical epidemiology of dialysis therapies in South Africa. In conclusion, we have established that in rural dwelling ESRD patients receiving dialysis therapies in South Africa, CAPD is associated an increased risk of all-cause and infectionrelated mortality. We believe that poor access to health care facilities plays a contributory role in infection-related mortality and we thus advocate for the establishment of CAPD centres in rural areas of South Africa.AcknowledgmentsWe are very thankful to the following nurses for assisting in collecting social data from the patients: R Chokoe, MJN Manamela, MB Ramabu and LM Mojapelo.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: RATI IGO. Performed the experiments: RATI. Analyzed the data: OIA DM IGO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RATI ARR. Wrote the paper: RATI OIA DM AKB CRS ARR IGO. Providing the intellectual content to the work: AKB CRS ARR IGO.
Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents aim to P144 biological activity maximise collected rewards by interacting over a certain period of time in unknown environments. Actions that yield the highest performance according to the current knowledge of the environment and those that maximise the gathering of new knowledge on the environment may not be the same. This is the dilemma known as Exploration/Exploitation (E/E). In such a context, using prior knowledge of the environment is extremely valuable, since it can help guide the decision-making process in order to AZD-8055MedChemExpress AZD-8055 reduce the time spent on exploration. Model-based Bayesian Reinforcement Learning (BRL) [1, 2] specifically targets RL problems for which such a prior knowledge is encoded in the form of a probability distribution (the “prior”) over possible models of the environment. As the agent interacts with the actual model, this probability distribution is updated according to the Bayes rule into what is known as “posterior distribution”. The BRL process may be divided into two learning phases: the offline learning phase refers to the phase when the prior knowledge is used to warm-up the agent for its future interactions with the real model. The online learning phase,PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0157088 June 15,1 /Benchmarking for Bayesian Reinforcement Learningon the other hand, refers to the actual interacti.Iscourage the use of PD as an RRT modality given that it can be relatively cheaper than HD, requiring minimal supervision by trained nephrologists and creating time for the patient to be otherwise gainfully employed.[25] The opportunity to be able to keep a job is especially important in a young ESRD population like ours. Moreover, we have previously reported comparable outcomes for patients on PD in South Africa with those from developed countries.[26] Our study is not without a number of limitations. Its retrospective design (with the inherent problem of missing records) made it difficult to assess all relevant socioeconomic, clinical and laboratory parameters known to be associated with mortality in dialysis patients as these had not been adequately documented. From the foregoing also, the efficiency of the delivered dose of therapy (HD and PD) over the duration could not be reliably extracted. However given the socioeconomic and demographic landscape of South Africa, this type of study can be prospectively set up to investigate mortality outcomes among rural dwellers. Similarly, comparative prospective studies assessing the outcomes between rural and urban dwellers will further define the clinical epidemiology of dialysis therapies in South Africa. In conclusion, we have established that in rural dwelling ESRD patients receiving dialysis therapies in South Africa, CAPD is associated an increased risk of all-cause and infectionrelated mortality. We believe that poor access to health care facilities plays a contributory role in infection-related mortality and we thus advocate for the establishment of CAPD centres in rural areas of South Africa.AcknowledgmentsWe are very thankful to the following nurses for assisting in collecting social data from the patients: R Chokoe, MJN Manamela, MB Ramabu and LM Mojapelo.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: RATI IGO. Performed the experiments: RATI. Analyzed the data: OIA DM IGO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RATI ARR. Wrote the paper: RATI OIA DM AKB CRS ARR IGO. Providing the intellectual content to the work: AKB CRS ARR IGO.
Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents aim to maximise collected rewards by interacting over a certain period of time in unknown environments. Actions that yield the highest performance according to the current knowledge of the environment and those that maximise the gathering of new knowledge on the environment may not be the same. This is the dilemma known as Exploration/Exploitation (E/E). In such a context, using prior knowledge of the environment is extremely valuable, since it can help guide the decision-making process in order to reduce the time spent on exploration. Model-based Bayesian Reinforcement Learning (BRL) [1, 2] specifically targets RL problems for which such a prior knowledge is encoded in the form of a probability distribution (the “prior”) over possible models of the environment. As the agent interacts with the actual model, this probability distribution is updated according to the Bayes rule into what is known as “posterior distribution”. The BRL process may be divided into two learning phases: the offline learning phase refers to the phase when the prior knowledge is used to warm-up the agent for its future interactions with the real model. The online learning phase,PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0157088 June 15,1 /Benchmarking for Bayesian Reinforcement Learningon the other hand, refers to the actual interacti.
