A consequence of microbial translocation [20] and low levels of virus replication [21,22] resulting in continuous antigen stimulation of T cells. We assessed the immune activation status of individuals in our cohort measured by presence of CD38 and HLA-DR doublepositive CD8+ T cells and observed that immune activation was significantly higher in both the EC group (p , 0.05) and NC group (p , 0.001) compared to SR3029 healthy individuals (Fig. 2A). However, the EC group had significantly lower immune activation compared to the NC 
group (p , 0.01). Furthermore, we found that immune activation was negatively correlated to both frequency of CD96+ CD8+ T cells (data not shown) and CD96 MFI (Fig. 2B, r = -0.46 p = 0.003, n = 40). However, there was no correlation between immune activation and CD96 MFI for the NC group alone. To determine if some of the stimuli related to immune activation may influence CD96 AN-3199 manufacturer Expression on CD8+ T cells, we stimulated PBMCs from healthy 22948146 individuals in vitro with LPS, IL-12/IL-18, PHA or CD3 in combination with CD28. The frequency of CD96+CD8+ T cells was significantly lower after LPS (mean = 49.7 ), PHA (mean = 35.3 ) and anti-CD3/28 (mean = 45 ) stimulation compared to unstimulated cells (mean = 62.1 , Fig. 2C). Similarly, the CD96 MFI was significantly lower on CD8+ T cells following LPS stimulation compared to unstimulated cells (mean MFI 800.2 vs 901.8, Fig. 2D). In contrast stimulation with anti-CD3/28 increased the CD96 MFI (mean MFI = 1130) whereas CD96 MFI was maintained following stimulation with PHA. There was no significant difference in either percentage or CD96 MFI following IL12/18 stimulation. This suggests that differential stimulation had distinctive effects on CD96 expression.CD96 is not Lost Due to CD8+ T Cell DifferentiationHIV-1 infection promotes a higher degree of CD8+ T cell ?differentiation and the total population of naive cells in the periphery is diminished. To establish if CD96 expression was down-regulated following differentiation and thus account for the lower frequencies of CD96-expressing CD8+ T cells observed in the HIV-1 infected individuals of this study, we assessed CD96 expression on CD8+ T cell subsets. The CD8+ T cell population was divided into T cell subsets determined by CD45RA and CCR7 expression. Cell populations were defined as ?CCR7+CD45RA+ naive cells, CCR7+CD45RAneg central memory T cells (TCM), CCR7negCD45RAneg effector memory T cells (TEM) and CCR7negCD45RA+ terminally differentiated effector memory T cells (TEMRA). The frequency of CD96-expressing cells in all subsets was significantly lower in both EC and NC ?(Fig. 1D, Naive subset p,0.01 and memory subsets p,0.001 for ?both groups). Although, the frequencies of CD96-expressing naiveCD8+ T Cells Lacking Expression of CD96 Produce Both IFN-c and PerforinWe have established that the frequency of CD96 expression is modified during HIV-1 infection and that the density of CD96 per cell is decreased in non-controllers suggesting that cells lacking CD96 may potentially be dysfunctional. Consequently, we investigated functional differences between CD96-expressing CD8+ T cells and CD8+ T cells lacking CD96 from healthy individuals. As we found that differential stimulation could modulate CD96 expression, we sorted cells based on their CD96 expression prior to stimulation. We found that both CD96+ and CD96neg CD8+ T cells produced high levels of IFN-c following PMA/ionomycin stimulation (Fig. 3A). Interestingly, the CD8+ T.A consequence of microbial translocation [20] and low levels of virus replication [21,22] resulting in continuous antigen stimulation of T cells. We assessed the immune activation status of individuals in our cohort measured by presence of CD38 and HLA-DR doublepositive CD8+ T cells and observed that immune activation was significantly higher in both the EC group (p , 0.05) and NC group (p , 0.001) compared to healthy individuals (Fig. 2A). However, the EC group had significantly lower immune activation compared to the NC group (p , 0.01). Furthermore, we found that immune activation was negatively correlated to both frequency of CD96+ CD8+ T cells (data not shown) and CD96 MFI (Fig. 2B, r = -0.46 p = 0.003, n = 40). However, there was no correlation between immune activation and CD96 MFI for the NC group alone. To determine if some of the stimuli related to immune activation may influence CD96 expression on CD8+ T cells, we stimulated PBMCs from healthy 22948146 individuals in vitro with LPS, IL-12/IL-18, PHA or CD3 in combination with CD28. The frequency of CD96+CD8+ T cells was significantly lower after LPS (mean = 49.7 ), PHA (mean = 35.3 ) and anti-CD3/28 (mean = 45 ) stimulation compared to unstimulated cells (mean = 62.1 , Fig. 2C). Similarly, the CD96 MFI was significantly 
lower on CD8+ T cells following LPS stimulation compared to unstimulated cells (mean MFI 800.2 vs 901.8, Fig. 2D). In contrast stimulation with anti-CD3/28 increased the CD96 MFI (mean MFI = 1130) whereas CD96 MFI was maintained following stimulation with PHA. There was no significant difference in either percentage or CD96 MFI following IL12/18 stimulation. This suggests that differential stimulation had distinctive effects on CD96 expression.CD96 is not Lost Due to CD8+ T Cell DifferentiationHIV-1 infection promotes a higher degree of CD8+ T cell ?differentiation and the total population of naive cells in the periphery is diminished. To establish if CD96 expression was down-regulated following differentiation and thus account for the lower frequencies of CD96-expressing CD8+ T cells observed in the HIV-1 infected individuals of this study, we assessed CD96 expression on CD8+ T cell subsets. The CD8+ T cell population was divided into T cell subsets determined by CD45RA and CCR7 expression. Cell populations were defined as ?CCR7+CD45RA+ naive cells, CCR7+CD45RAneg central memory T cells (TCM), CCR7negCD45RAneg effector memory T cells (TEM) and CCR7negCD45RA+ terminally differentiated effector memory T cells (TEMRA). The frequency of CD96-expressing cells in all subsets was significantly lower in both EC and NC ?(Fig. 1D, Naive subset p,0.01 and memory subsets p,0.001 for ?both groups). Although, the frequencies of CD96-expressing naiveCD8+ T Cells Lacking Expression of CD96 Produce Both IFN-c and PerforinWe have established that the frequency of CD96 expression is modified during HIV-1 infection and that the density of CD96 per cell is decreased in non-controllers suggesting that cells lacking CD96 may potentially be dysfunctional. Consequently, we investigated functional differences between CD96-expressing CD8+ T cells and CD8+ T cells lacking CD96 from healthy individuals. As we found that differential stimulation could modulate CD96 expression, we sorted cells based on their CD96 expression prior to stimulation. We found that both CD96+ and CD96neg CD8+ T cells produced high levels of IFN-c following PMA/ionomycin stimulation (Fig. 3A). Interestingly, the CD8+ T.
