Rrelation with the Foxp3+ Treg expression (R2 = 0.17, p = 0.01, n = 65; r = 20.41) (Figure 6A). Immunohistochemistry showed increased Foxp3+ Treg expression in Foxp3 negative cancer stromal tissue (arrow) (Figure 6B). In contrast, there was no or negligible Foxp3+ Treg expression found in Foxp3 positive cancer tissue (arrow) (Figure 6C).Overall survivalMultivariate Cox regression 58-49-1 analysis was performed stepwise including age, gender, primary tumor (colon or purchase 69-25-0 rectum), UICC (I/ II or III/IV), depth of tumor invasion (T category 1/2 or 3/4), differentiation (1/2 or 3/4), lymph node metastasis (N category), Foxp3 ( ), Treg ( ), TGF-?( ), and IL-10 ( ). The stepwise procedure kept in the model the N category and Foxp3 expression in colon cancer cells as prognostic parameters (Chi-quadrat statistics, p,0.01, Table 2).Univariate results using Kaplan-MeierTable 1. Quantitative Real Time PCR analysis of Foxp3 expression in colon cancer cell lines. The identified prognostic factors from Cox regression model are presented in Figures 7A and C. The mean value of Foxp3+ cancer cell expression by immunohistochemical analysis for all studied tissue samples of the 65 tumors was determined at 16 . Among patients with CRC, those with high Foxp3+ cancer cell expression (.16 ) had a poorer prognosis than those with low Foxp3+ expression levels (,16 ) (p,0.001, Log-Rank test) (Figure 7A and Table 3). Considering immunohistochemical analysis of the samples from the 65 tissue samples for Foxp3+ Treg expression the mean value was calculated at 12 . There was no significant difference in the overall survival comparing patients with low and high Foxp3+DCt SW480 SW620 HCT-116 15.15 20.54 19.Relative expression 1.76 2.08 1.Foxp3 is expressed in the human colon cancer cell lines SW480, SW620, and HCT-116 (n 11967625 = 5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053630.tFoxp3 Expression and CRC Disease ProgressionFigure 5. Correlation of Foxp3+ cancer cell expression with immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10+ and TGF-b+ and immunofluorescence double staining. (A/B) Significant correlation of Foxp3+ cancer cell expression with the expression of IL-10 (A) and TGF-b (B). Regression analysis; R2, coefficient of determination. (C/D) Representative example of an immunofluorescence double staining of IL-10+ (C) and TGF-b+ (D) in Foxp3+ cancer cells (arrows). FITC green Fluoresceinisothiocyanate, Cy3 red and DAPI 49,6-Diamidino-2- phenylindoldihydrochlorid blue ?nuclear counterstaining. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053630.gTreg expression levels (.12 or ,12 ) (p = 0.204, Log-Rank test) (Figure 7B and Table 3). In patients without lymph node metastasis were significant differences in overall survival compared to patients with lymph node metastasis (p,0.001, Log-Rank test) (Figure 7C). Other parameters such as TGF-? IL-10, UICC, and T category showed additionally significant differences in overall survival for the corresponding lower expression and grading, respectively (p,0.001, Log-Rank tests). Age, gender, primary tumor, and histological differentiation were not associated with prognosis in univariate analysis.DiscussionThe current study provides for the first time evidence of a significantly increased tumor-related expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 in colorectal cancer cells that is associated with adverse prognosis. Detailed protein and gene analysis was used to study its expression profiles in each tumor tissue of the patients. Based on more recently described clinical findings of a Foxp3.Rrelation with the Foxp3+ Treg expression (R2 = 0.17, p = 0.01, n = 65; r = 20.41) (Figure 6A). Immunohistochemistry showed increased Foxp3+ Treg expression in Foxp3 negative cancer stromal tissue (arrow) (Figure 6B). In contrast, there was no or negligible Foxp3+ Treg expression found in Foxp3 positive cancer tissue (arrow) (Figure 6C).Overall survivalMultivariate Cox regression analysis was performed stepwise including age, gender, primary tumor (colon or rectum), UICC (I/ II or III/IV), depth of tumor invasion (T category 1/2 or 3/4), differentiation (1/2 or 3/4), lymph node metastasis (N category), Foxp3 ( ), Treg ( ), TGF-?( ), and IL-10 ( ). The stepwise procedure kept in the model the N category and Foxp3 expression in colon cancer cells as prognostic parameters (Chi-quadrat statistics, p,0.01, Table 2).Univariate results using Kaplan-MeierTable 1. Quantitative Real Time PCR analysis of Foxp3 expression in colon cancer cell lines. The identified prognostic factors from Cox regression model are presented in Figures 7A and C. The mean value of Foxp3+ cancer cell expression by immunohistochemical analysis for all studied tissue samples of the 65 tumors was determined at 16 . Among patients with CRC, those with high Foxp3+ cancer cell expression (.16 ) had a poorer prognosis than those with low Foxp3+ expression levels (,16 ) (p,0.001, Log-Rank test) (Figure 7A and Table 3). Considering immunohistochemical analysis of the samples from the 65 tissue samples for Foxp3+ Treg expression the mean value was calculated at 12 . There was no significant difference in the overall survival comparing patients with low and high Foxp3+DCt SW480 SW620 HCT-116 15.15 20.54 19.Relative expression 1.76 2.08 1.Foxp3 is expressed in the human colon cancer cell lines SW480, SW620, and HCT-116 (n 11967625 = 5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053630.tFoxp3 Expression and CRC Disease ProgressionFigure 5. Correlation of Foxp3+ cancer cell expression with immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10+ and TGF-b+ and immunofluorescence double staining. (A/B) Significant
correlation of Foxp3+ cancer cell expression with the expression of IL-10 (A) and TGF-b (B). Regression analysis; R2, coefficient of determination. (C/D) Representative example of an immunofluorescence double staining of IL-10+ (C) and TGF-b+ (D) in Foxp3+ cancer cells (arrows). FITC green Fluoresceinisothiocyanate, Cy3 red and DAPI 49,6-Diamidino-2- phenylindoldihydrochlorid blue ?nuclear counterstaining. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053630.gTreg expression levels (.12 or ,12 ) (p = 0.204, Log-Rank test) (Figure 7B and Table 3). In patients without lymph node metastasis were significant differences in overall survival compared to patients with lymph node metastasis (p,0.001, Log-Rank test) (Figure 7C). Other parameters such as TGF-? IL-10, UICC, and T category showed additionally significant differences in overall survival for the corresponding lower expression and grading, respectively (p,0.001, Log-Rank tests). Age, gender, primary tumor, and histological differentiation were not associated with prognosis in univariate analysis.DiscussionThe current study provides for the first time evidence of a significantly increased tumor-related expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 in colorectal cancer cells that is associated with adverse prognosis. Detailed protein and gene analysis was used to study its expression profiles in each tumor tissue of the patients. Based on more recently described clinical findings of a Foxp3.
