Is-HCl, 0.6 M mannitol, 2 mM EGTA [pH 6.8]). The mitochondria in osmotic buffer were stained with NAO for 20 min in total PHCCC chemical information darkness at room temperature. The fluorescence quenching of NAO by mitochondria was visualized under fluorescence microscope at an excitation wavelength of 485 nm and emission wavelength of 530 nm.Flow cytometry analysisMMGP1-induced ROS production, mitochondrial membrane damage, DNA damage and transcription inhibition in C. Indolactam V albicans was measured by flow cytometry [10,000 cells were gated for ROS induction, mitochondrial and DNA damage experiments, whereas, 50,000 cells were gated for transcription inhibition assay on live cells by Forward scatter (FSC)/Side scatter (SSC)] using fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACSAria III, Beckton Dickinson, San Jose, 24195657 CA, USA). For measurement of MMGP1-induced ROS production, mitochondrial membrane damage and DNA damage in C. albicans cells, the treated cells were stained with H2DCF-DA, rhodamine123 and fluorescein-12-dUTP, respectively, at different intervals, for 30 min at room temperature. The stained cells were collected by centrifugation at 10,000 ?g for 10 min; subsequently the cells were washed with 500 of PBS and resuspended in the same volume of PBS. The population of cells exhibiting green fluorescence was quantified using FACS at 488 nm employing a blue laser with emission in the 530/30 band pass filter. For in vivo transcription inhibition assay, the EU labelled cells after treatment with MMGP1 was stained with TMR – azide as described previously. The population of cells with red fluorescence was quantified using FACS at 630 nm employing a green laser with emission in the 610/20 nm band pass filter. The analysis of the 1315463 results was carried out using FACSDiva version 6.1.3 software (Beckton Dickinson).DNA fragmentation assayThe MMGP1-induced DNA damage in C. albicans was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) method. The C. albicans cells were treated with MMGP1 (0.57 ) for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. The cells treated with H2O2 were used as positive control. The MMGP1- or H2O2-treated cells were fixed in 4 paraformaldehyde for 10 min at room temperature and permeabilized with 200 of 70 ice-cold ethanol. The permeabilized cells were washed twice with 200 of PBS for 5 min at room temperature. The washed cells were resuspended in 50 of TdT equilibration buffer and incubated at 37 for 10 min with occasional gentle mixing. After incubation, the cells were collected by centrifugation at 10,000 ?g for 10 min and washed with 200 of PBS. The cells were resuspended in 100 TdT staining buffer containing fluorescein-12-dUTP (40 pmol/ ) and TdT enzyme (0.5 U/ ) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min in dark. The stained cells were collected by centrifugation and washed twice with 200 of PBS. The washed cells were resuspended in 50 of PBS and counter-stained with Hoechst stain 33342 (5 ) for 30 min at room temperature under darkness. After staining, the cells were washed with 50 of PBS for 5 min at room temperature and mounted in glycerol/PBS (9:1, v/v) solution containing 0.1 p-phenylendiamine dihydrochloride. The nuclei of the treated cells were then examined under Operetta High Content Imaging System. The population of cells positive for TUNEL were quantified by flow cytometry.ResultsDNA-binding ability of MMGPThe DNA-binding ability of the peptide was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis (Figure 1a.Is-HCl, 0.6 M mannitol, 2 mM EGTA [pH 6.8]). The mitochondria in osmotic buffer were stained with NAO for 20 min in total darkness at room temperature. The fluorescence quenching of NAO by mitochondria was visualized under fluorescence microscope at an excitation wavelength of 485 nm and emission wavelength of 530 nm.Flow cytometry analysisMMGP1-induced ROS production, mitochondrial membrane damage, DNA damage and transcription inhibition in C. albicans was measured by flow cytometry [10,000 cells were gated for ROS induction, mitochondrial and DNA damage experiments, whereas, 50,000 cells were gated for transcription inhibition assay on live cells by Forward scatter (FSC)/Side scatter (SSC)] using fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACSAria III, Beckton Dickinson, San Jose, 24195657 CA, USA). For measurement of MMGP1-induced ROS production, mitochondrial membrane damage and DNA damage in C. albicans cells, the treated cells were stained with H2DCF-DA, rhodamine123 and fluorescein-12-dUTP, respectively, at different intervals, for 30 min at room temperature. The stained cells were collected by centrifugation at 10,000 ?g for 10 min; subsequently the cells were washed with 500 of PBS and resuspended in the same volume of PBS. The population of cells exhibiting green fluorescence was quantified using FACS at 488 nm employing a blue laser with emission in the 530/30 band pass filter. For in vivo transcription inhibition assay, the EU labelled cells after treatment with MMGP1 was stained with TMR – azide as described previously. The population of cells with red fluorescence was quantified using FACS at 630 nm employing a green laser with emission in the 610/20 nm band pass filter. The analysis of the 1315463 results was carried out using FACSDiva version 6.1.3 software (Beckton Dickinson).DNA fragmentation assayThe MMGP1-induced DNA damage in C. albicans was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) method. The C. albicans cells were treated with MMGP1 (0.57 ) for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. The cells treated with H2O2 were used as positive control. The MMGP1- or H2O2-treated cells were fixed in 4 paraformaldehyde for 10 min at room temperature and permeabilized with 200 of 70 ice-cold ethanol. The permeabilized cells were washed twice with 200 of PBS for 5 min at room temperature. The washed cells were resuspended in 50 of TdT equilibration buffer and incubated at 37 for 10 min with occasional gentle mixing. After incubation, the cells were collected by centrifugation at 10,000 ?g for 10 min and washed with 200 of PBS. The cells were resuspended in 100 TdT staining buffer containing fluorescein-12-dUTP (40 pmol/ ) and TdT enzyme (0.5 U/ ) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min in dark. The stained cells were collected by centrifugation and washed twice with 200 of PBS. The washed cells were resuspended in 50 of PBS and counter-stained with Hoechst stain 33342 (5 ) for 30 min at room temperature under darkness. After staining, the cells were washed with 50 of PBS for 5 min at room temperature and mounted in glycerol/PBS (9:1, v/v) solution containing 0.1 p-phenylendiamine dihydrochloride. The nuclei of the treated cells were then examined under Operetta High Content Imaging System. The population of cells positive for TUNEL were quantified by flow cytometry.ResultsDNA-binding ability of MMGPThe DNA-binding ability of the peptide was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis (Figure 1a.
