Microcystin-YR

Description:
Inhibitor of PP1 and PP2A Potent inhibitor of PP1 and PP2AUseful reference for environmental analysesCited in several water quality-related research articles Microcystin-YR (MC-YR) is an analog of microcystin-LR with Tyr substituted in place of Leu. As for all microcystins, the conjugated double bonds in the Adda moiety cause a characteristic absorption maximum at 238nm. The Tyr residue in position 2 of microcystin-YR confers an absorption maximum at 232nm. MC-YR is a potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A and a useful reference compound for environmental analysis. The hydroxyl group of the Tyr residue may prove useful for linking MC-YR via conjugation to other chemicals. MC-YR inhibits the synthesis of proteases such as cathepsin D and L, and arginine aminopeptidase.{{154566-12-8} MedChemExpress|{154566-12-8} Biological Activity|{154566-12-8} In stock|{154566-12-8} supplier} Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes mostly present in freshwater ecosystems.{{76748-86-2} MedChemExpress|{76748-86-2} Protocol|{76748-86-2} Purity|{76748-86-2} custom synthesis} The increasingly frequent appearance of cyanobacteria blooms in lakes and rivers is linked to climate changes and human activities. Microcystins are a group of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacterial genera. The most notable of which, and namesake, is the widespread genus Microcystis. Structurally, all microcystins consist of the generalized structure cyclo(-D-Ala1-X2-D-MeAsp3-Y4-Adda5-D-Glu6-Mdha7-).PMID:30000940 X and Y are variable L-amino acids, D-MeAsp is D-erythro-β-methylaspartic acid and Mdha is N-methyldehydroalanine. Adda is the cyanobacteria unique C20 β-amino acid 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyl-deca-4,6-dienoic acid. Substitutions of the variable L-amino acids at positions 2 and 4 give rise to at least 21 known primary microcystin analogs and alterations in the other constituent amino acids result in more than 90 reported mycrocystins to date.