4O2 C44H88O2 N.D. N.D. N.D. 3.69 5.8 6.41 4.62 33.21 three.11 14.26 3.58 four.45 12.31 9.51 9.48 M.
4O2 C44H88O2 N.D. N.D. N.D. three.69 five.8 6.41 4.62 33.21 3.11 14.26 three.58 four.45 12.31 9.51 9.48 M. W. D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D9 D10 D11 C Imply SD AsphaltCompoundTotalWax estersTetracosanyl hexadecanoateHexacosanyl hexadecanoateOctacosanyl hexadecanoateTotalTriterpenoids-Amyrone-Amyrone-Amyrin-Amyrin-Amyryl acetateTotalHopane BiomarkersPLOS 1 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0128311 June 15, 2015 Asphalt Components in propolis Made by Urban HoneybeesTrisnorneohopane17(H)-TrisProtein E6 Protein Gene ID Norhopane17(H),21(H)-Norhopane17(H),21(H)-Hopane17(H),21(H)-22S-Homohopane17(H),21(H)-22R-HomohopaneGammacerane17(H),21(H)-PFKM Protein manufacturer 22S-Bishomohopane17(H),21(H)-22R-Bishomohopane17(H),21(H)-22S-Trishomohopane17(H),21(H)-22R-Trishomohopane17(H),21(H)22S-Tetrakishomohopane17(H),21(H)22R-Tetrakishomohopane17(H),21(H)22S-Pentakishomohopane17(H),21(H)22R-PentakishomohopaneTotalC31 S/(R+S)C32 S/(R+S)N.D. = not detected. ! X nCodd a X = CPI =esirtuininhibitorsirtuininhibitornCeven9 /b= Calculated as wax Cn = [Cn]-[(Cn+1)+(Cn-1)/2], [24]. Bold type = compound totals and maximum concentration for each compound group.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128311.tAsphalt Elements in Propolis Produced by Urban Honeybeesn-AlkanesHydrocarbon alkanes are significant fraction in propolis [14sirtuininhibitor7]. The n-alkanes are derived from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources and may be differentiated according to their distribution patterns in samples. Hence, they may be useful to assess their supply in various samples. Essential parameters associated with n-alkane sources and traits are the well-established carbon preference index (CPI), and also the carbon number maximum (Cmax) in the most abundant n-alkane within the homologous series [18]. The CPI of n-alkanes is usually utilized to assess the influence of biogenic and anthropogenic inputs [19]. The relative n-alkane concentrations ranged from 23.7 to 55.0 using a imply of 44.2+9.three (Table 1) for propolis. These values have been less than the manage sample (64.0 ). The odd-numbered n-alkanes have been dominant more than the complete range and the CPIo/e varied from three.six to 7.7 (mean = five.5+1.five, Table 1), which can be related towards the worth on the manage (five.1). They have Cmax at 27 and range from C17 to C40 (Table 1 and Fig 2). This indicates that vascular plants are important sources of the n-alkanes, with some contribution from synthetic bee wax for these propolis samples. Plant wax n-alkanes have a Cmax within the selection of 25sirtuininhibitor1, that is dependent on the plant species at the same time as the season and locality [20sirtuininhibitor2]. For the asphalt, the n-alkanes range from C12 to C36 with Cmax at 15 (Fig three). Their relative concentration was 41.3 as well as the CPIo/e 1.0. The asphalt also exhibits an unresolved complicated mixture (UCM) of branched and cyclic hydrocarbons having a bimodal distribution and maxima at alkane retention index of C16 (main) and C32 (minor, Fig 3A). This UCM, oily with regards to fluidity, is just not substantial within the propolis sample extracts. In order to better evaluate the relative input from a variety of sources, the concentrations of plant wax versus petroleum derived n-alkanes [23], and their percentage with the total n-alkanes were calculated (Table 1). The amounts of plant wax n-alkanes variety from 17.eight to 33.six of the total extracts, whereas the petroleum dervied inputs ranged from 6.two to 21.7 . There is a considerable correlation (R2 = 0.84) among wax n-alkanes (Fig 4A) plus the total n-alkanes, which suggests that terrestrial vegetation wax may be the important contributor towards the total n-al.
