Nless steel is made use of. MSF is commercially operated in large-sized plants, is simple Figure 3. and has long-term operation Desfuroylceftiofur Epigenetic Reader Domain record [34]. to Figure three. Schematicadiagramof MSF, amended from[33]. manage, Schematicdiagram of MSF, amended from [34]. 100 Figure 4 shows the current0.95 contribution of installed JX401 Purity & Documentation Desalination technologies all over 3 2 1 1.9 applied thermal technology is MSF, with 18 from the marthe world. Essentially the most commercially 90 two.85 7 ket share of industrial desalination plants [3,36]. It really is a method applied in many places, six.65 80 in which it can be achievable to obtain sufficiently clean drinking water; an more advantage 17.1 70 is the fact that it requires just handful of additives. Having said that, corrosion is a really popular phenomenon 18 if non-stainless steel is made use of. MSF is commercially operated in large-sized plants, is easy 60 to handle, and has a long-term operation record [33]. 50 Desalination capacity (million m3/day) one hundred 40 3090 2080 1070 060 500.95 1.9 65.5 two.85 six.65 17.1 3 7 2 1 69Desalination capacity (million m3/day)18RO NFMSF ED (b)MED OtherDesalination technologies (a)Figure 4. Desalination technology distribution in 2019: (a)(a) desalination capacity (million 3/day); Figure four. Desalination technology distribution in 2019: desalination capacity (million m m3 /day); 65.5 69 30 (b) (b) desalination capacity , data from [37]. desalination capacity , data from [37].20 1.two.two. Membrane Desalination Technology 1.two.two. Membrane Desalination Technology RO MSF MED ten Membrane processes non-phase-changed procedures. The water remains in in the Membrane processes areare non-phase-changed procedures. The water remains the NF ED Other liquid phase, semipermeable membranes separate the water or or salt from feedwaliquid phase,0 and semipermeable membranes separate the water salt from thethe feedwaand Desalination technologies osmotic pressure gradient drives these processes. ter.ter. The electrical power thethe natural The electrical power or or organic osmotic pressure gradient drives these processes. (b) Membrane technology Membrane technologies (a) consists of microfiltration (MF), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration contains microfiltration (MF), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), four. Desalination technologies distribution in 2019: (a) desalination capacity (million m3/day); (UF), membrane bioreactors (MBs) [38], membrane distillation (MD) [39], electrodialysis Figure membrane bioreactors (MBs) [38], membrane distillation (MD) [39], electrodialysis (ED) [40,41], forward , information from [37]. (b) [40,41], forward osmosis (FO), and reverse osmosis (RO) [12]. MF and UFUF membrane (ED) desalination capacityosmosis (FO), and reverse osmosis (RO) [12]. MF and membrane systems not usually directly utilised for desalination, but their use has improved signifisystems areare not commonly directly made use of for desalination, but their use has elevated substantially in recent Desalination Technology 1.two.two. Membrane years RO pre-treatment. MF and UF systems can proficiently eliminate cantly in recent years forfor RO pre-treatment. MF and UF systems can successfully eliminate colloidal organics, turbidity, insoluble particles, viruses, or pathogens in seawater colloidal organics, turbidity, insoluble particles, viruses, or pathogens in seawater [42].in [42]. Membrane processes are non-phase-changed procedures. The water remains As the AsMF and UF, NF has been applied as a pre-treatment for desalination; however, its a pre-treatment for desalination; with with MF and UF, NF has.
