Ignificantly decreased beneath saline and sodic conditions [23,24].Agriculture 2021, 11,three ofIrrigation-induced salinity and sodicity also increases the plant water requirement as a consequence of decreased root penetration within the soil and causes overexploitation of groundwater in Flurbiprofen axetil COX regions where there are actually no other option sources of water for irrigation, when in regions exactly where surface water is utilised for Phenolic acid supplier irrigation and features a water table at shallow depths, waterlogging is normally observed [25,26]. The increase inside the plant water requirement (is typically offset by escalating the duration of irrigation) to ameliorate the shunting of plant development and to attain optimum crop yield (development) under saline-sodic situations varies widely with the extent of salinity and sodicity levels, the kind of crop, and soil qualities [27]. Furthermore, aside from impacting the productivity or yield of irrigated land, salinity and sodicity also have broad implications on socio-economic development and food security, which incorporates decrease profit margins, poverty, and migration of farmers to urban places in creating nations, elevated fertilizer requirement, as well as the unlikelihood of land reclamation [28,29]. The extrapolation of worldwide loss as a result of irrigation-induced salinity is roughly estimated as USD 27.three billion inside a year brought on by reduced crop production (approximating USD 441 loss per hectare of land) [30,31]. Current research indicate that the financial loss could be as high as USD 1604 and USD 2748 per hectare when the salinity levels rise from low to medium and medium to higher, respectively, and also the gross profit in undertaking any migratory measures may well be as well low for the farmers to adopt sustainable irrigation approaches [32]. Comparable for the above inference, a study in Australia estimated that an expenditure of AUD 65 billion more than 10 years could be necessary to reclaim the land degradation triggered by salinity and sodicity within the country [33]. Mitigation of salinity and sodicity in irrigated soils is vital for soil conservation, socio-economic upliftment of farmers, at the same time as the protection of agriculture-dependent ecosystems and groundwater good quality [34]. Though you’ll find quite a few studies in the literature that have comprehensively studied numerous elements and impacts of soil salinity and sodicity around the atmosphere (primarily soil), a systematic study analyzing the hazards of irrigation-induced salinity and sodicity on soil and groundwater is but to become conducted [159,35,36]. In this paper, the causes and management (mitigation strategies) of irrigation-induced soil salinity and sodicity, as well as their effects on soil properties and groundwater (subsurface aquifers), are discussed. Furthermore, this overview supplies a catalogue of virtually feasible integrated soil fertility management practices and innovative/modern solutions to mitigate the salinity and sodicity dangers to soil and groundwater. 2. International Distribution of Irrigation-Induced Salinity and Sodicity Accurately quantifying and identifying irrigation-induced salinity and sodicity hotspots is pretty challenging because of the higher geographic variability and net alterations in the salinity and sodicity levels; nonetheless, specific regions largely in semi-arid and arid regions are at higher danger due to the inherent saline and sodic nature (chemical composition) of the soil [37]. On a nation scale, salinity and sodicity are pervasive in both arid and semi-arid nations all through the globe, like few humid.
