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^^Brain Sci. 2013, three, 415-459; doi:ten.3390brainsciOPEN ACCESSbrain sciencesISSN 2076-3425 www.mdpi.comjournalbrainsci PRIMA-1 web ArticleCompensating for Language Deficits in Amnesia II: H.M.’s Spared versus Impaired Encoding CategoriesDonald G. MacKay , Laura W. Johnson and Chris Hadley Psychology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; E-Mails: laurajohnsonucla.edu (L.W.J.); cdhadleygmail.com (C.H.) Author to whom correspondence ought to be addressed; E-Mail: mackayucla.edu; Tel.: +1-310-825-8465; Fax: +1-310-206-5895. Received: 20 December 2012; in revised form: 17 March 2013 Accepted: 19 March 2013 Published: 27 MarchAbstract: While amnesic H.M. normally could not recall where or when he met a person, he could recall their subjects of conversation right after extended interference-filled delays, suggesting impaired encoding for some categories of novel events but not other people. Similarly, H.M. successfully encoded into internal representations (sentence plans) some novel linguistic structures but not other individuals within the present language production studies. One example is, around the Test of Language Competence (TLC), H.M. created uncorrected errors when encoding a wide 
array of novel linguistic structures, e.g., violating reliably extra gender constraints than memory-normal controls when encoding referent-noun, pronoun-antecedent, and referent-pronoun anaphora, as when he erroneously and with no correction utilised PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338877 the gender-inappropriate pronoun “her” to refer to a man. In contrast, H.M. by no means violated corresponding referent-gender constraints for proper names, suggesting that his mechanisms for encoding suitable name gender-agreement were intact. Nevertheless, H.M. made no much more dysfluencies, off-topic comments, false begins, neologisms, or word and phonological sequencing errors than controls on the TLC. Present outcomes recommend that: (a) frontal mechanisms for retrieving and sequencing word, phrase, and phonological categories are intact in H.M., in contrast to in category-specific aphasia; (b) encoding mechanisms within the hippocampal region are category-specific as an alternative to item-specific, applying to, e.g., suitable names rather than words; (c) H.M.’s category-specific mechanisms for encoding referents into words, phrases, and propositions are impaired, with all the exception of referent gender, person, and number for encoding proper names; and (d) H.M. overuses his intact correct name encoding mechanisms to compensate for his impaired mechanisms for encoding other functionally equivalent linguistic details.Brain Sci. 2013, three Keywords: amnesic H.M.; encoding versus retrieval errors; sentence planning; spared encoding categories; language deficits in amnesia; compensation methods in amnesia1. Introduction “There are, behind the expressed sequences of behavior, a multiplicity of integrative processes which can only be inferred from the final outcomes of their activity” (Lashley [1], p. 115). This quote outlines the f.
