Nt with the European commitment to solidarity [56], otherwise potentially threatened by the destabilizing effects of personalized medicine and escalating health care costs. Acknowledgements I wish to thank Jean Edmunds and Mitchell Pawlak for excellent research assistance. Conflict of Interest The author declares no conflicts of interest. References 1. Lemonick, M.D.; Park, A. New hope for cancer. TIME 2001. Available online: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999978,00.html (accessed on 30 April 2013).J. Pers. Med. 2013, 3 2. 3. 4. 5.6.7.8. 9. 10.11. 12. 13. 14.15.16. 17. 18. 19. 20.Fleck, L.M. Just Caring: Health Care Rationing and Democratic Deliberation; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2009. Garraway, L.A.; Jaenne, P.A. Circumventing cancer drug resistance in the era of personalized medicine. Cancer Discov. 2012, 2, 214?26. Al-Lazikani, B.; Banerji, U.; Workman, P. Combinatorial drug therapy for cancer in the post-genomic era. Nat. Biotechnol. 2012, 30, 679?92. Nagaprashantha, L.; Vartak, N.; Awasthi, S.; Awasthi, S.; Singhal, S.S. Novel anti-cancer compounds for developing combinatorial therapies to target anoikis-resistant tumors. Pharm. Res. 2012, 29, 621?36. Misale, S.; Yaeger, R.; Hobor, S.; Scala, E.; Janakiraman, M.; Liska, D.; Valtorta, E.; Schiavo, R.; Buocarino, M.; Siravegna, G.; et al. Emergence of KRAS mutations and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer. Nature 2012, 486, 532?36. Gonalez, D.; Clarke, P.A.; Al-Lazikani, B.; workman, P. Personalized cancer medicine: Molecular diagnostics, predictive biomarkers, and drug resistance. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2013, 93, 252?59. Pyrvinium pamoate web Fidler, I.J.; Hart, I.R. Biological diversity in metastatic neoplasms: Origins and implications. Science 1982, 217, 998?003. Heppner, G.H. Tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Res. 1984, 44, 2259?265. Gerlinger, M.; Rowan, A.J.; Horswell, S.; Math, M.; Larkin, J.; Endesfelder, D.; Gronroos, E.; Martinez, P.; Matthews, N.; Tarpey, P.; et al. Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 366, 883?92. Raspe, E.; Decraene, C.; Berx, G. Gene expression profiling to dissect the complexity of cancer biology: Pitfalls and order KF-89617 promise. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2012, 22, 250?60. Longo, D.L. Tumor heterogeneity and personalized medicine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 366, 956?57. Yap, T.A.; Omlin, A.; de Bono, J.S. Development of therapeutic combinations targeting major cancer signaling pathways. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 31, 1592?605. Lee, J.H.; Kim, D.G.; Bae, T.J.; Rho, K.; Kim, J.T.; Lee, J.J.; Jang, Y.; Kim, B.C.; Park, K.M.; Kim, S.; et al. CDA: Combinatorial drug discovery using transcriptional response modules. PLoS One 2012, 7, e42573. Castano, Z.; Fillmore, C.M.; Kim, C.F.; McAllister, S.S. The bed and the bugs: Interactions between the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2012, 22, 462?70. Prasasya, S.D.; Tian, D.; Kreeger, P.K. Analysis of cancer signaling networks by systems biology to develop therapies. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2011, 21, 200?06. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1301689. Steensma, D.P. The beginning of the end of the beginning in cancer genomics. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, doi:10.1056/NEJMe1303816. Gatenby, R.A. A change of strategy in the war on cancer. Nature 2009, 459, 508?09. Keehan, S.P.; Sisko, A.M.; Truffe.Nt with the European commitment to solidarity [56], otherwise potentially threatened by the destabilizing effects of personalized medicine and escalating health care costs. Acknowledgements I wish to thank Jean Edmunds and Mitchell Pawlak for excellent research assistance. Conflict of Interest The author declares no conflicts of interest. References 1. Lemonick, M.D.; Park, A. New hope for cancer. TIME 2001. Available online: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999978,00.html (accessed on 30 April 2013).J. Pers. Med. 2013, 3 2. 3. 4. 5.6.7.8. 9. 10.11. 12. 13. 14.15.16. 17. 18. 19. 20.Fleck, L.M. Just Caring: Health Care Rationing and Democratic Deliberation; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2009. Garraway, L.A.; Jaenne, P.A. Circumventing cancer drug resistance in the era of personalized medicine. Cancer Discov. 2012, 2, 214?26. Al-Lazikani, B.; Banerji, U.; Workman, P. Combinatorial drug therapy for cancer in the post-genomic era. Nat. Biotechnol. 2012, 30, 679?92. Nagaprashantha, L.; Vartak, N.; Awasthi, S.; Awasthi, S.; Singhal, S.S. Novel anti-cancer compounds for developing combinatorial therapies to target anoikis-resistant tumors. Pharm. Res. 2012, 29, 621?36. Misale, S.; Yaeger, R.; Hobor, S.; Scala, E.; Janakiraman, M.; Liska, D.; Valtorta, E.; Schiavo, R.; Buocarino, M.; Siravegna, G.; et al. Emergence of KRAS mutations and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer. Nature 2012, 486, 532?36. Gonalez, D.; Clarke, P.A.; Al-Lazikani, B.; workman, P. Personalized cancer medicine: Molecular diagnostics, predictive biomarkers, and drug resistance. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2013, 93, 252?59. Fidler, I.J.; Hart, I.R. Biological diversity in metastatic neoplasms: Origins and implications. Science 1982, 217, 998?003. Heppner, G.H. Tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Res. 1984, 44, 2259?265. Gerlinger, M.; Rowan, A.J.; Horswell, S.; Math, M.; Larkin, J.; Endesfelder, D.; Gronroos, E.; Martinez, P.; Matthews, N.; Tarpey, P.; et al. Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 366, 883?92. Raspe, E.; Decraene, C.; Berx, G. Gene expression profiling to dissect the complexity of cancer biology: Pitfalls and promise. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2012, 22, 250?60. Longo, D.L. Tumor heterogeneity and personalized medicine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 366, 956?57. Yap, T.A.; Omlin, A.; de Bono, J.S. Development of therapeutic combinations targeting major cancer signaling pathways. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 31, 1592?605. Lee, J.H.; Kim, D.G.; Bae, T.J.; Rho, K.; Kim, J.T.; Lee, J.J.; Jang, Y.; Kim, B.C.; Park, K.M.; Kim, S.; et al. CDA: Combinatorial drug discovery using transcriptional response modules. PLoS One 2012, 7, e42573. Castano, Z.; Fillmore, C.M.; Kim, C.F.; McAllister, S.S. The bed and the bugs: Interactions between the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2012, 22, 462?70. Prasasya, S.D.; Tian, D.; Kreeger, P.K. Analysis of cancer signaling networks by systems biology to develop therapies. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2011, 21, 200?06. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1301689. Steensma, D.P. The beginning of the end of the beginning in cancer genomics. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, doi:10.1056/NEJMe1303816. Gatenby, R.A. A change of strategy in the war on cancer. Nature 2009, 459, 508?09. Keehan, S.P.; Sisko, A.M.; Truffe.
