Er with additional ACG species identified after the publication of the Smith et al. (2008) paper.General comments on the biology and morphology of INK1117 biological activity Apanteles in Mesoamerica At present we have biological information (host records, solitary/gregariousness of wasp larvae) for 169 (82 ) of the described species of Apanteles in Mesoamerica. Some records may be questionable, especially early citations of hosts for Apanteles carpatus (Say, 1836) which may be incorrect (this is a cosmopolitan species and examination of vouchers from all biogeographic regions is needed to solve the problem). But for the vast majority of species (especially all of the ones reared in ACG) the records are accurate, nd comprehensive enough to draw conclusions on host relationships at a higher taxon level.Jose L. Fernandez-Triana et al. / ZooKeys 383: 1?65 (2014)Twenty Lepidoptera families have been recorded as hosts of Apanteles in Mesoamerica (or 14 families, if six only recorded from Apanteles carpatus, hich are likely to be wrong? are excluded). Most hosts species belong to just three families: Hesperiidae (33 ), Elachistidae (26 ) and Crambidae (21 ), distantly followed by Pyralidae (4 ), Choreutidae (3 ) and Gelechiidae (3 ) (Fig. 3). However, the boundary between ACG Elachistidae and Gelechiidae is very poorly defined. When the moth taxa are clearly worked out, the ratio of these two families may be quite different. Most of the ACG reared Apanteles species (154 species, or 91 ) are monophagous or oligophagous, attacking one host family, and usually only one or a very few species within the same genus. Only 15 species (9 ) are somewhat polyphagous, parasitizing hosts in two or more Lepidoptera families, but even they tend to be very selective in their hosts. Furthermore, larger sample sizes and better DNA barcode data has generally shown that these “somewhat polyphagous” species in ACG are often complexes of narrow specialists, as for example the case of what was believed to be “Apanteles leucostigmus” (Smith et al. 2008). Outside ACG, there is not enough data to assess if narrow host ranges per microgastrine wasp species is a widespread phenomenon (although unpublished evidence suggest that this might be the case and there is no reason to think that ACG Apanteles are abnormal). If this pattern proves to be commonplace worldwide, it will have a strong influence on biological control and on biodiversity studies (e.g., Rodriguez et al. 2012, Smith et al. 2013). A total of 98 species (58 ) of the Mesoamerican Apanteles with associated biological information have multiple larvae developing in one host caterpillar (gregarious), and these are generally viewed as Ciclosporin biological activity originating from a single ovipositing female. In contrast, 71 species (42 ) are solitary, having just one larva per parasitized caterpillar. Although there is no comparable information from other regions, about 80 of the Nearctic species of Apanteles with reliable data available are solitary (Whitfield unpublished data). Most wasp cocoons (either solitary or gregarious) are stuck to the leaf substrate, and over, under, or near the host cadaver, which “lives” only a few days, if at all, after emergence of the wasp larvae. As cocoon structure often appears a species-level characteristic, it is shown for each species when possible (Figs 210?30). The fauna of Mesoamerica, especially that of ACG, seems to have some peculiar morphological characteristics. For example, one species in ACG is the only known Apantele.Er with additional ACG species identified after the publication of the Smith et al. (2008) paper.General comments on the biology and morphology of Apanteles in Mesoamerica At present we have biological information (host records, solitary/gregariousness of wasp larvae) for 169 (82 ) of the described species of Apanteles in Mesoamerica. Some records may be questionable, especially early citations of hosts for Apanteles carpatus (Say, 1836) which may be incorrect (this is a cosmopolitan species and examination of vouchers from all biogeographic regions is needed to solve the problem). But for the vast majority of species (especially all of the ones reared in ACG) the records are accurate, nd comprehensive enough to draw conclusions on host relationships at a higher taxon level.Jose L. Fernandez-Triana et al. / ZooKeys 383: 1?65 (2014)Twenty Lepidoptera families have been recorded as hosts of Apanteles in Mesoamerica (or 14 families, if six only recorded from Apanteles carpatus, hich are likely to be wrong? are excluded). Most hosts species belong to just three families: Hesperiidae (33 ), Elachistidae (26 ) and Crambidae (21 ), distantly followed by Pyralidae (4 ), Choreutidae (3 ) and Gelechiidae (3 ) (Fig. 3). However, the boundary between ACG Elachistidae and Gelechiidae is very poorly defined. When the moth taxa are clearly worked out, the ratio of these two families may be quite different. Most of the ACG reared Apanteles species (154 species, or 91 ) are monophagous or oligophagous, attacking one host family, and usually only one or a very few species within the same genus. Only 15 species (9 ) are somewhat polyphagous, parasitizing hosts in two or more Lepidoptera families, but even they tend to be very selective in their hosts. Furthermore, larger sample sizes and better DNA barcode data has generally shown that these “somewhat polyphagous” species in ACG are often complexes of narrow specialists, as for example the case of what was believed to be “Apanteles leucostigmus” (Smith et al. 2008). Outside ACG, there is not enough data to assess if narrow host ranges per microgastrine wasp species is a widespread phenomenon (although unpublished evidence suggest that this might be the case and there is no reason to think that ACG Apanteles are abnormal). If this pattern proves to be commonplace worldwide, it will have a strong influence on biological control and on biodiversity studies (e.g., Rodriguez et al. 2012, Smith et al. 2013). A total of 98 species (58 ) of the Mesoamerican Apanteles with associated biological information have multiple larvae developing in one host caterpillar (gregarious), and these are generally viewed as originating from a single ovipositing female. In contrast, 71 species (42 ) are solitary, having just one larva per parasitized caterpillar. Although there is no comparable information from other regions, about 80 of the Nearctic species of Apanteles with reliable data available are solitary (Whitfield unpublished data). Most wasp cocoons (either solitary or gregarious) are stuck to the leaf substrate, and over, under, or near the host cadaver, which “lives” only a few days, if at all, after emergence of the wasp larvae. As cocoon structure often appears a species-level characteristic, it is shown for each species when possible (Figs 210?30). The fauna of Mesoamerica, especially that of ACG, seems to have some peculiar morphological characteristics. For example, one species in ACG is the only known Apantele.
