Gage in more defensively self-enhancing behaviors (Bosson, Brown, Zeigler-Hill, Swann, 2003; Jordan, Spencer, Zanna, Hoshino-Brown, Correll, 2003). Based on these findings, we anticipated that participants high in implicit dependency and low in self-reported dependency would beJ Pers Assess. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 February 21.Cogswell et al.Pagemore likely to appear defensive on the PAI, as well as to score higher on the self-deception subscale of the BIDR (Paulhus, 1994).NIH-PA Author GGTI298MedChemExpress GGTI298 Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptFinally, given the theoretical and empirical link between interpersonal dependency and depression (e.g., Blatt, 1974; Zuroff Mongrain, 1987), the present study explored the relative predictive utility of implicit and self-reported dependency measures for self-reported concurrent depressive symptoms and past major depressive episodes. Exploratory questions in this vein included: 1) whether one class of measures is more related to concurrent depression and a past history of depression than the other; and 2) how discontinuities as represented using the various prototypes derived from the PAI may differentially predict depression.MethodParticipants As determined by a power analysis, we used an Internet-based strategy to recruit 119 participants from the Temple University introductory psychology subject pool in order to achieve power of approximately .80, using previous findings that suggest the likelihood of small to moderate effect sizes for all of the hypothesized effects. The sample was 65 female, with a mean age of 20.9 years (SD = 3.77). Regarding race and ethnicity, the sample was 46 Caucasian, 26 African-American, 9 HS-173 biological activity Asian-American, 3 Latino, 5 biracial, and 8 identified in a category other than those offered. Participants were required to be at least 18 years of age. Self-report Instruments Demographic Questionnaire–All participants were asked to indicate their age, gender, and racial or ethnic identification. The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt et al., 1976)–The dependency subscale of the DEQ, a 29-item Likert-type scale, was used to measure dependency, neediness, and connectedness. Scores on the dependency factor were calculated using the weights derived from Blatt et al.’s (1976) sample as recommended by Zuroff, Quinlan, and Blatt (1990), in order to be consistent with previous research. Scores on neediness and connectedness subfactors were calculated based on Rude and Burnham’s (1995) factor analysis of the dependency items. Unit-weighted scoring was employed by summing those items that loaded higher than .40 on a given factor and for which there was at least a .10 difference in loading between the factors. The dependency scale of the DEQ has demonstrated good internal consistency ( > .75), 12-month retest reliability (r = .79), and construct validity (Blatt et al., 1976; Blatt Zuroff, 1992; Zuroff, Moskowitz, Wieglus, Powers, Franko, 1983), as well as concurrent validity with various measures of depressive symptomatology (e.g. Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, Zuroff, 1982; Brown Silberschatz, 1989). Neediness and connectedness subscales have demonstrated good internal consistency (‘s = .79) and two-year retest reliability (r’s = .72 and .63, respectively) in a prospective study (Cogswell et al., 2006). Interpersonal Dependency Inventory (IDI; Hirschfeld et al., 1977)–The IDI, a 48item Likert-type scale, was used to provide an ad.Gage in more defensively self-enhancing behaviors (Bosson, Brown, Zeigler-Hill, Swann, 2003; Jordan, Spencer, Zanna, Hoshino-Brown, Correll, 2003). Based on these findings, we anticipated that participants high in implicit dependency and low in self-reported dependency would beJ Pers Assess. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 February 21.Cogswell et al.Pagemore likely to appear defensive on the PAI, as well as to score higher on the self-deception subscale of the BIDR (Paulhus, 1994).NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptFinally, given the theoretical and empirical link between interpersonal dependency and depression (e.g., Blatt, 1974; Zuroff Mongrain, 1987), the present study explored the relative predictive utility of implicit and self-reported dependency measures for self-reported concurrent depressive symptoms and past major depressive episodes. Exploratory questions in this vein included: 1) whether one class of measures is more related to concurrent depression and a past history of depression than the other; and 2) how discontinuities as represented using the various prototypes derived from the PAI may differentially predict depression.MethodParticipants As determined by a power analysis, we used an Internet-based strategy to recruit 119 participants from the Temple University introductory psychology subject pool in order to achieve power of approximately .80, using previous findings that suggest the likelihood of small to moderate effect sizes for all of the hypothesized effects. The sample was 65 female, with a mean age of 20.9 years (SD = 3.77). Regarding race and ethnicity, the sample was 46 Caucasian, 26 African-American, 9 Asian-American, 3 Latino, 5 biracial, and 8 identified in a category other than those offered. Participants were required to be at least 18 years of age. Self-report Instruments Demographic Questionnaire–All participants were asked to indicate their age, gender, and racial or ethnic identification. The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt et al., 1976)–The dependency subscale of the DEQ, a 29-item Likert-type scale, was used to measure dependency, neediness, and connectedness. Scores on the dependency factor were calculated using the weights derived from Blatt et al.’s (1976) sample as recommended by Zuroff, Quinlan, and Blatt (1990), in order to be consistent with previous research. Scores on neediness and connectedness subfactors were calculated based on Rude and Burnham’s (1995) factor analysis of the dependency items. Unit-weighted scoring was employed by summing those items that loaded higher than .40 on a given factor and for which there was at least a .10 difference in loading between the factors. The dependency scale of the DEQ has demonstrated good internal consistency ( > .75), 12-month retest reliability (r = .79), and construct validity (Blatt et al., 1976; Blatt Zuroff, 1992; Zuroff, Moskowitz, Wieglus, Powers, Franko, 1983), as well as concurrent validity with various measures of depressive symptomatology (e.g. Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, Zuroff, 1982; Brown Silberschatz, 1989). Neediness and connectedness subscales have demonstrated good internal consistency (‘s = .79) and two-year retest reliability (r’s = .72 and .63, respectively) in a prospective study (Cogswell et al., 2006). Interpersonal Dependency Inventory (IDI; Hirschfeld et al., 1977)–The IDI, a 48item Likert-type scale, was used to provide an ad.
