S in the world with partially white genae. That feature is present in Alphomelon and occasionally in a few other genera of AZD0865MedChemExpress Linaprazan Microgastrinae (e.g., Mason 1981, Deans et al. 2003), but had never before been found in Apanteles. Although orange-yellow coloration is not uncommon in tropical Apanteles, it is mostly restricted to legs, portions of metasoma, and, rarely, spots on the mesosoma. Four ACG species (2 ) are the first known members of the genus to have extensive orange coloration, including the whole head. Interestingly, none of these four species seem to be Sinensetin site closely related.Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae)…Figure 3. Proportion of Lepidoptera families parasitized by 169 species of Apanteles with known host records in Mesoamerica (data source mainly from the ACG inventory).Similarly, only five ACG species have pectinate tarsal claws, while one species has cleft tarsal claws. The vast majority (97.5 ) of the Mesoamerican species either have simple tarsal claws, or with 1? basal spine-like setae. About 10 of the Mesoamerican Apanteles within several groups (including anabellecordobae, which is the third largest species-group in the region) have the hypopygium either unfolded or with only 1? pleats. That is very unusual in Apanteles and may force a future redefinition of Apanteles limits. Almost one quarter of the Apanteles species in Mesoamerica have a somewhat elongate glossa, although it is never as large and bilobate as in some other characteristic genera of Microgastrinae such as Pseudapanteles, Promicrogaster, etc.Species groups of Mesoamerican Apanteles In order to deal with its high diversity, the genus Apanteles has been partitioned into species groups since 1880. Mason (1981) provides a summary of current understanding of the evolution of those groups as well as references to different papers on the topic.Jose L. Fernandez-Triana et al. / ZooKeys 383: 1?65 (2014)A total of 44 species-groups for the world fauna were proposed by Nixon (1965), an arrangement that has generally been accepted and incorporated into subsequent revisions, e.g., Mason (1981) and European fauna (revised by Papp between 1976 and 1990). While some of these species groups appear to represent monophyletic or at least morphologically coherent groups, many are poorly defined, and some are just containers for species that do not fit into any other group. To further complicate things, many species have never been assigned to a particular species-group (e.g., only half of the previously described species of Mesoamerican Apanteles had been assigned to a group before this paper). In spite of the shortcomings in the species-group system, it remains a useful tool for partitioning the large number of Apanteles species. Until a more comprehensive, phylogeny-based taxonomy is available, groups of species based on inference from morphology remain the most practical approach. For the Mesoamerican region we recognize and propose 32 species-groups of Apanteles (Table 2) and we assign most of the species known for the region to one of them. All groups are new, except for two (A. ater and diatraeae) previously created and used by several authors (e.g., Nixon 1965, Mason 1981, Austin and Dangerfield 1989, Whitfield et al. 2001, 2002). For 30 species we did not have strong support to assign them to any of the 32 established groups; and neither the morphological, molecular nor biological data are sufficient to justify them as individual.S in the world with partially white genae. That feature is present in Alphomelon and occasionally in a few other genera of Microgastrinae (e.g., Mason 1981, Deans et al. 2003), but had never before been found in Apanteles. Although orange-yellow coloration is not uncommon in tropical Apanteles, it is mostly restricted to legs, portions of metasoma, and, rarely, spots on the mesosoma. Four ACG species (2 ) are the first known members of the genus to have extensive orange coloration, including the whole head. Interestingly, none of these four species seem to be closely related.Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae)…Figure 3. Proportion of Lepidoptera families parasitized by 169 species of Apanteles with known host records in Mesoamerica (data source mainly from the ACG inventory).Similarly, only five ACG species have pectinate tarsal claws, while one species has cleft tarsal claws. The vast majority (97.5 ) of the Mesoamerican species either have simple tarsal claws, or with 1? basal spine-like setae. About 10 of the Mesoamerican Apanteles within several groups (including anabellecordobae, which is the third largest species-group in the region) have the hypopygium either unfolded or with only 1? pleats. That is very unusual in Apanteles and may force a future redefinition of Apanteles limits. Almost one quarter of the Apanteles species in Mesoamerica have a somewhat elongate glossa, although it is never as large and bilobate as in some other characteristic genera of Microgastrinae such as Pseudapanteles, Promicrogaster, etc.Species groups of Mesoamerican Apanteles In order to deal with its high diversity, the genus Apanteles has been partitioned into species groups since 1880. Mason (1981) provides a summary of current understanding of the evolution of those groups as well as references to different papers on the topic.Jose L. Fernandez-Triana et al. / ZooKeys 383: 1?65 (2014)A total of 44 species-groups for the world fauna were proposed by Nixon (1965), an arrangement that has generally been accepted and incorporated into subsequent revisions, e.g., Mason (1981) and European fauna (revised by Papp between 1976 and 1990). While some of these species groups appear to represent monophyletic or at least morphologically coherent groups, many are poorly defined, and some are just containers for species that do not fit into any other group. To further complicate things, many species have never been assigned to a particular species-group (e.g., only half of the previously described species of Mesoamerican Apanteles had been assigned to a group before this paper). In spite of the shortcomings in the species-group system, it remains a useful tool for partitioning the large number of Apanteles species. Until a more comprehensive, phylogeny-based taxonomy is available, groups of species based on inference from morphology remain the most practical approach. For the Mesoamerican region we recognize and propose 32 species-groups of Apanteles (Table 2) and we assign most of the species known for the region to one of them. All groups are new, except for two (A. ater and diatraeae) previously created and used by several authors (e.g., Nixon 1965, Mason 1981, Austin and Dangerfield 1989, Whitfield et al. 2001, 2002). For 30 species we did not have strong support to assign them to any of the 32 established groups; and neither the morphological, molecular nor biological data are sufficient to justify them as individual.
