Symptoms, depressive symptoms, and anxious attachment compared to a wait-list control condition. Moreover, attrition was low and individuals appeared willing to engage in mindfulness practice at home between sessions. These results suggest that TIMBSR is promising and feasible Phase-I intervention for female survivors of IPV. The version of MBSR tested in this study was modified to specifically target cognitive, affective, and autonomic mechanisms underpinning psychological traumatization related to IPV. To that end, participants were taught mindfulness skills, including attention regulation and non-reactive observation of thoughts, emotions, and somatic states. By enhancing attentional regulatory capacity, it was hoped that participants would become more skillful at modulating their own arousal, thereby countering post-traumatic stress while facilitating naturalistic processing of traumatic memories and schemas of helplessness. Psychoeducation on the physiological and emotional impact of trauma was also provided to normalize participant experience and provide insight. The synergy of mindfulness skills and traumaspecific psychoeducation was intended to help participants begin to reclaim an empowered sense of self from the aftermath of past traumas. In that regard, participation in TI-MBSR was associated with robust reductions in posttraumatic stress symptoms. The large PD325901 manufacturer effect size of TI-MBSR on post-traumatic stress for this population is notable, given the limited literature on the efficacy of MBSR for survivors of IPV. The observed effect size of TI-MBSR in this pilot trial exceed those of other mindfulness-based interventions for trauma in prior research: two non-experimental, observational studies of MBSR with survivors of IPV found medium effect sizes for post-J Clin Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 April 01.Kelly and GarlandPagetraumatic stress symptoms (Kimbrough, Magyari, Langenberg, Chesney, Berman, 2010; Smith, 2010), a quasi-experimental study of MBSR for combat veterans found a small effect size (Kearney, McDermott, Malte, Martinez, Simpson, 2012), and another quasiexperimental study of Mindfulness-Based AZD4547 custom synthesis cognitive Therapy for veterans identified a medium effect size for post-traumatic symptoms (King et al., 2013). Moreover, in the present study, participation in TI-MBSR was associated with a significant reduction in the proportion of individuals surpassing the cutoff on the PCL-C for having PTSD diagnosis. These substantial effects on post-traumatic stress are remarkable given that participants were not asked to disclose details about their index traumas nor were they guided to actively process their traumatic memories directly during the TI-MBSR treatment. Significant therapeutic effects of TI-MBSR for depression were also observed. The large effect size found for decreases in depression for the intervention group as compared to wait-list control was either greater than or comparable to other studies with MBSR as an intervention for survivors of IPV (Kimbrough, Magyari, Langenberg, Chesney, Berman, 2010) and combat-related violence (Kearney, McDermott, Malte, Martinez, Simpson, 2012). Though smaller in magnitude, participants in the waitlist control group also evidenced symptom improvements, which may have stemmed from measurement reactivity or regression to the mean over time. Though mechanistic measures were not included in the present study, we offer the following speculative account of how TI-MB.Symptoms, depressive symptoms, and anxious attachment compared to a wait-list control condition. Moreover, attrition was low and individuals appeared willing to engage in mindfulness practice at home between sessions. These results suggest that TIMBSR is promising and feasible Phase-I intervention for female survivors of IPV. The version of MBSR tested in this study was modified to specifically target cognitive, affective, and autonomic mechanisms underpinning psychological traumatization related to IPV. To that end, participants were taught mindfulness skills, including attention regulation and non-reactive observation of thoughts, emotions, and somatic states. By enhancing attentional regulatory capacity, it was hoped that participants would become more skillful at modulating their own arousal, thereby countering post-traumatic stress while facilitating naturalistic processing of traumatic memories and schemas of helplessness. Psychoeducation on the physiological and emotional impact of trauma was also provided to normalize participant experience and provide insight. The synergy of mindfulness skills and traumaspecific psychoeducation was intended to help participants begin to reclaim an empowered sense of self from the aftermath of past traumas. In that regard, participation in TI-MBSR was associated with robust reductions in posttraumatic stress symptoms. The large effect size of TI-MBSR on post-traumatic stress for this population is notable, given the limited literature on the efficacy of MBSR for survivors of IPV. The observed effect size of TI-MBSR in this pilot trial exceed those of other mindfulness-based interventions for trauma in prior research: two non-experimental, observational studies of MBSR with survivors of IPV found medium effect sizes for post-J Clin Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 April 01.Kelly and GarlandPagetraumatic stress symptoms (Kimbrough, Magyari, Langenberg, Chesney, Berman, 2010; Smith, 2010), a quasi-experimental study of MBSR for combat veterans found a small effect size (Kearney, McDermott, Malte, Martinez, Simpson, 2012), and another quasiexperimental study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for veterans identified a medium effect size for post-traumatic symptoms (King et al., 2013). Moreover, in the present study, participation in TI-MBSR was associated with a significant reduction in the proportion of individuals surpassing the cutoff on the PCL-C for having PTSD diagnosis. These substantial effects on post-traumatic stress are remarkable given that participants were not asked to disclose details about their index traumas nor were they guided to actively process their traumatic memories directly during the TI-MBSR treatment. Significant therapeutic effects of TI-MBSR for depression were also observed. The large effect size found for decreases in depression for the intervention group as compared to wait-list control was either greater than or comparable to other studies with MBSR as an intervention for survivors of IPV (Kimbrough, Magyari, Langenberg, Chesney, Berman, 2010) and combat-related violence (Kearney, McDermott, Malte, Martinez, Simpson, 2012). Though smaller in magnitude, participants in the waitlist control group also evidenced symptom improvements, which may have stemmed from measurement reactivity or regression to the mean over time. Though mechanistic measures were not included in the present study, we offer the following speculative account of how TI-MB.
