Tion points where each compound of interest was determined. Calculated amounts and standard deviations for the three compounds of interest present in the extract were as follows: 3.5860.06 for chlorogenic acid, 1.9660.03 for rutin and 1.2060.02 for isoquercitrin. The animal experiments were designed based on the results of the quantitative analysis: anti-diabetic activity of the mulberry leaf extract was tested in doses of 250 and 750 mg/kg, and compounds 1? were tested in doses corresponding to the amounts present in such doses of the extract. Activity testing of a mixture of the three compounds in a ratio corresponding to that present in the extract was additionally attempted. Unfortunately, this combination studydid not lead to any conclusive results; hence it is not discussed here. Blood samples were taken on the 4th, 8th and 11th days; results are detailed in Table 1. As a first approach, statistical analysis of the results was performed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, and statistically significant activities were found after 11 days of treatment. In order 18325633 to decrease the possibility of false negative results, further, planned comparisons get ADX48621 between the treated groups’ datasets and that of the control group were also performed by using one-way ANOVA with separate Bonferroni post tests utilizing uncorrected P values and confidence intervals. These results are outlined in Figure 4. After 11 days of treatment, the extract showed a significant, dose related anti-diabetic activity on our in vivo model of type II diabetes. By means of planned comparisons, chlorogenic acid and rutin also showed significant anti-diabetic activity with tendencies for dose dependency, which was not the case for isoquercitrin. Since no fasting periods were scheduled for the animals, the determined glucose levels indicate random plasma glucose values and therefore they are closer to the represented human situation,Antidiabetic Effect of Major Mulberry ConstituentsFigure 3. Calibration curves and corresponding data for the three compounds of interest, chlorogenic acid (Fig. 3A), rutin (Fig. 3B) and isoquercitrin (Fig. 3C). Inj: injected amount, PA: peak area, 6Diff( ): difference between the actual value of PA/inj and the averages of each such value in the table, which difference should be less than 5 . Dashed frames in each data table represent ranges where corresponding peak areas of the extracts 18325633 were found when tested. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050619.gi.e. not insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Moreover, based on the activity data, chlorogenic acid and rutin content seems to be responsible for approximately half of the activity of the tested extract in our experimental model. This finding is remarkable considering the richness of mulberry leaves in various anti-diabetic constituents, and it also SCH 727965 web suggests that these two compounds are excellent markers for a simple and convenient UV-detection based standardization procedure of anti-diabetic products prepared from this drug. Nevertheless, we can also conclude that the aglucosidase activating effect of the flavonoid fraction previously obtained from mulberry leaves [19] has, at least in case of rutin, less biological significance than other mechanisms of action that together lead to an anti-diabetic effect in vivo. On the other hand, other flavonoids present in the drug might still have the potential to exert a blood sugar level increasing activity via an increase of Table 1. Plasma.Tion points where each compound of interest was determined. Calculated amounts and standard deviations for the three compounds of interest present in the extract were as follows: 3.5860.06 for chlorogenic acid, 1.9660.03 for rutin and 1.2060.02 for isoquercitrin. The animal experiments were designed based on the results of the quantitative analysis: anti-diabetic activity of the mulberry leaf extract was tested in doses of 250 and 750 mg/kg, and compounds 1? were tested in doses corresponding to the amounts present in such doses of the extract. Activity testing of a mixture of the three compounds in a ratio corresponding to that present in the extract was additionally attempted. Unfortunately, this combination studydid not lead to any conclusive results; hence it is not discussed here. Blood samples were taken on the 4th, 8th and 11th days; results are detailed in Table 1. As a first approach, statistical analysis of the results was performed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, and statistically significant activities were found after 11 days of treatment. In order 18325633 to decrease the possibility of false negative results, further, planned comparisons between the treated groups’ datasets and that of the control group were also performed by using one-way ANOVA with separate Bonferroni post tests utilizing uncorrected P values and confidence intervals. These results are outlined in Figure 4. After 11 days of treatment, the extract showed a significant, dose related anti-diabetic activity on our in vivo model of type II diabetes. By means of planned comparisons, chlorogenic acid and rutin also showed significant anti-diabetic activity with tendencies for dose dependency, which was not the case for isoquercitrin. Since no fasting periods were scheduled for the animals, the determined glucose levels indicate random plasma glucose values and therefore they are closer to the represented human situation,Antidiabetic Effect of Major Mulberry ConstituentsFigure 3. Calibration curves and corresponding data for the three compounds of interest, chlorogenic acid (Fig. 3A), rutin (Fig. 3B) and isoquercitrin (Fig. 3C). Inj: injected amount, PA: peak area, 6Diff( ): difference between the actual value of PA/inj and the averages of each such value in the table, which difference should be less than 5 . Dashed frames in each data table represent ranges where corresponding peak areas of the extracts 18325633 were found when tested. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050619.gi.e. not insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Moreover, based on the activity data, chlorogenic acid and rutin content seems to be responsible for approximately half of the activity of the tested extract in our experimental model. This finding is remarkable considering the richness of mulberry leaves in various anti-diabetic constituents, and it also suggests that these two compounds are excellent markers for a simple and convenient UV-detection based standardization procedure of anti-diabetic products prepared from this drug. Nevertheless, we can also conclude that the aglucosidase activating effect of the flavonoid fraction previously obtained from mulberry leaves [19] has, at least in case of rutin, less biological significance than other mechanisms of action that together lead to an anti-diabetic effect in vivo. On the other hand, other flavonoids present in the drug might still have the potential to exert a blood sugar level increasing activity via an increase of Table 1. Plasma.
