In panel E, Prox1: Cy3; SMA: FITC. Staining in H, Prox1: Cy3; VP16: FITC. Scale bar = 25 mm (A , F, G); Scale bar = 50 mm (E and H). JV: jugular vein; CV: cardinal vein; DA: dorsal aorta. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052197.gHowever, our in vitro data suggests that the overexpression of Prox1 is sufficient to reprogram arterial endothelial cells to a lymphatic profile. Moreover, in vitro mixing experiments show that smooth Eribulin (mesylate) muscle cells when in contact with arterial endothelial cells ectopically expressing Prox1 can suppress Prox1 levels posttranscriptionally. Coupled with our observation that during early development support cells do not associate with the cardinal vein but do associate with the dorsal aorta, we hypothesized that a nonautonomous mechanism may impact the choice of Prox1 to develop from the venous endothelium during early development. From these observations, we suggest that lymphatic specificityfrom arterial endothelium can be driven by non-autonomous molecular events. While our model suggests that arterial endothelial cells found on the dorsal aorta operate non-autonomously to downregulate ectopic Prox1 expression, the molecular mechanism behind this phenomenon is unclear. One pathway that has been found to regulate Prox1 is the Notch signaling buy EPZ015666 cascade. Indeed, Notch activation has been found to suppress Prox1 [23,24], thereby limiting the activation of the lymphatic program. Notch family members on smooth muscle and arterial endothelial cells are numerous; Notch1, Notch4 and Delta-like ligands (Dll) 1 and Dll4 are specifically found on arterial endothelium [25], while DllFigure 4. Ectopic expression of Prox1 in arterial endothelial cells is not suppressed by the presence of smooth muscle cell conditioned media. Transfection of Prox1 in cultured arterial and venous endothelial cells demonstrate that they are both amenable to reprogramming. (A) RT-PCR analysis of targets such as Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and STAT6, or western analysis of VEGFR-2 or Tie2 show a typical profile associated with Prox1 expression on vascular endothelial cells. (B) Furthermore, the overexpression of Prox1 in VECs and AECs result in an increase in VEGFR-3 and CyclinE2 transcript levels. (C) Smooth muscle cells associate in a timely and specific manner to the dorsal aorta, but not to the cardinal vein on wild type E9.5 and E10.5 embryos. (D) Prox1 overexpressing arterial endothelial cells were incubated with SMC conditioned media for 24 hours. Scale bar = 50 mm. DA: dorsal aorta; CV: cardinal vein. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052197.gSpecificity of Vascular Reprogramming via ProxFigure 5. Co-culturing with smooth muscle cells influence ectopic Prox1 expression in arterial endothelial cells. (A) Co-culture experiments using arterial endothelial cells (AEC) overexpressing Prox1 with smooth muscle cells (SMC) were performed and the effects on Prox1 expression analyzed. (B and C) The levels of Prox1 were determined by densitometry and normalized to endothelial cell content within the co-culture using an EC:SMC ratio. For ratio calculation methodology, see “Materials and Methods”. Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments. (D) Endpoint RT-PCR analysis for Prox1 in AEC/Prox1 cells with or without co-culturing with smooth muscle cells. Results show no change in Prox1 transcript levels occurring with EC-SMC co-culturing. (E) Further analysis using 12926553 quantitative RT-PCR demonstrates no significant change. The above analysis represents three s.In panel E, Prox1: Cy3; SMA: FITC. Staining in H, Prox1: Cy3; VP16: FITC. Scale bar = 25 mm (A , F, G); Scale bar = 50 mm (E and H). JV: jugular vein; CV: cardinal vein; DA: dorsal aorta. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052197.gHowever, our in vitro data suggests that the overexpression of Prox1 is sufficient to reprogram arterial endothelial cells to a lymphatic profile. Moreover, in vitro mixing experiments show that smooth muscle cells when in contact with arterial endothelial cells ectopically expressing Prox1 can suppress Prox1 levels posttranscriptionally. Coupled with our observation that during early development support cells do not associate with the cardinal vein but do associate with the dorsal aorta, we hypothesized that a nonautonomous mechanism may impact the choice of Prox1 to develop from the venous endothelium during early development. From these observations, we suggest that lymphatic specificityfrom arterial endothelium can be driven by non-autonomous molecular events. While our model suggests that arterial endothelial cells found on the dorsal aorta operate non-autonomously to downregulate ectopic Prox1 expression, the molecular mechanism behind this phenomenon is unclear. One pathway that has been found to regulate Prox1 is the Notch signaling cascade. Indeed, Notch activation has been found to suppress Prox1 [23,24], thereby limiting the activation of the lymphatic program. Notch family members on smooth muscle and arterial endothelial cells are numerous; Notch1, Notch4 and Delta-like ligands (Dll) 1 and Dll4 are specifically found on arterial endothelium [25], while DllFigure 4. Ectopic expression of Prox1 in arterial endothelial cells is not suppressed by the presence of smooth muscle cell conditioned media. Transfection of Prox1 in cultured arterial and venous endothelial cells demonstrate that they are both amenable to reprogramming. (A) RT-PCR analysis of targets such as Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and STAT6, or western analysis of VEGFR-2 or Tie2 show a typical profile associated with Prox1 expression on vascular endothelial cells. (B) Furthermore, the overexpression of Prox1 in VECs and AECs result in an increase in VEGFR-3 and CyclinE2 transcript levels. (C) Smooth muscle cells associate in a timely and specific manner to the dorsal aorta, but not to the cardinal vein on wild type E9.5 and E10.5 embryos. (D) Prox1 overexpressing arterial endothelial cells were incubated with SMC conditioned media for 24 hours. Scale bar = 50 mm. DA: dorsal aorta; CV: cardinal vein. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052197.gSpecificity of Vascular Reprogramming via ProxFigure 5. Co-culturing with smooth muscle cells influence ectopic Prox1 expression in arterial endothelial cells. (A) Co-culture experiments using arterial endothelial cells (AEC) overexpressing Prox1 with smooth muscle cells (SMC) were performed and the effects on Prox1 expression analyzed. (B and C) The levels of Prox1 were determined by densitometry and normalized to endothelial cell content within the co-culture using an EC:SMC ratio. For ratio calculation methodology, see “Materials and Methods”. Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments. (D) Endpoint RT-PCR analysis for Prox1 in AEC/Prox1 cells with or without co-culturing with smooth muscle cells. Results show no change in Prox1 transcript levels occurring with EC-SMC co-culturing. (E) Further analysis using 12926553 quantitative RT-PCR demonstrates no significant change. The above analysis represents three s.
