All intracellular nonglycosylated protein that is able to inhibit the apoptotic pathway when overexpressed in cells [42]. By the TUNEL technique, we viewed a significant decrease in dysplastic acini in comparison to control acini and a representative increase of LIp53. p53 is a tumor suppressor protein that regulates the cell cycle and, thus, is involved in preventing cancer [43]. p53 protein mutation is more stable and have a longer half-life than functional p53 because it is easy to detect in cell nucleus using immunohistochemistry [44,45]. p53 mutation allows cell replication without correction of DNA mutations and can be a contributing factor for the acquisition of apoptotic resistance in cadmium prostatic carcinogenesis, as described by Aimola P et al. (2012) [2]. Ubiquitin is a protein implicated in extra-lysosomal proteolysis and importantly associated with apoptosis [46]. LIUBI decreased significantly in dysplastic lesions; this reduction is implicated with an apoptosis diminution, in relation to the results that we observed. There is a remarkable increase of the LVMV on dysplastic lesions induced by cadmium chloride in comparison with controlsLPA1 in Prostate Dysplastic LesionsFigure 4. Mean ?SD of VFBcl-2 (A), LIAPO (B), LIp53 (C), and LIUBI (D). Bars showing lines and asterisks on top of the error bars differ significantly (*p,0.05, **p,0.01, ***p,0.001). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057742.gand normal epithelium of Cd-treated rats; this might be related to the increase of angiogenesis indicated in cancer and preinvasive lesions by other authors [47,48]. Angiogenesis is an important factor in growth and progression of solid neoplasms. Tumor metastasis is also angiogenesis dependent; new capillaries supply a doorway for entry of metastases to the circulatory system [20,21]. When correlation between LILPA1 with the other markers were studied in dysplastic acini of Cd-treated rats, only a significant MedChemExpress Madrasin negative correlation were observed with LIUBI. Nevertheless, a positive correlation with LIPCNA, LIMCM7, LIp53, and LVMV and a negative correlation with LIAPO and VFBcl-2 were found. It canbe possible that LPA-1 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis through ubiquitin. In summary, our study showed an immunoexpression increase of LPA-1 receptor in normal and dysplastic acini of Cd-treated rats, an increment of cell proliferation, a decrease of apoptosis, and an increase of angiogenesis in dysplastic lesions. Finally, it is possible that LPA-1 could attenuate ubiquitin immunoexpression and modify cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the 
small sample size used in our work is a limitation to draw conclusions. buy Madrasin Overall, our findings support other reports that emphasize that LPA-1 is associated with prostate cancer development [13,49]. Further studies are needed to determine the role of LPA-1 in prostate cancer.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: RA JMP LS. Performed the experiments: RA ED. Analyzed the data: RA. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: RA JMP LS. Wrote the paper: RA JMP.Table 2. Pearson correlation coefficient of LPA-1 with proliferate, apoptotic, and angiogenesis markers in dysplastic acini of Cd-treated rats.PCNAMCM7 0,681 0,Ubi 20,919 0,Bcl2 20,130 0,Apo 20,650 0,p53 0,728 0,FVIII 0,748 0,Figure 5. Bar diagram showing the mean ?SD of the length of microvessels per unit of volume (LVMV/mm3). Statistical differences are indicated by lines and asterisks on top of the error bars (**p,0.All intracellular nonglycosylated protein that is able to inhibit the apoptotic pathway when overexpressed in cells [42]. By the TUNEL technique, we viewed a significant decrease in dysplastic acini in comparison to control acini and a representative increase of LIp53. p53 is a tumor suppressor protein that regulates the cell cycle and, thus, is involved in preventing cancer [43]. p53 protein mutation is more stable and have a longer half-life than functional p53 because it is easy to detect in cell nucleus using immunohistochemistry [44,45]. p53 mutation allows cell replication without correction of DNA mutations and can be a contributing factor for the acquisition of apoptotic resistance in cadmium prostatic carcinogenesis, as described by Aimola P et al. (2012) [2]. Ubiquitin is a protein implicated in extra-lysosomal proteolysis and importantly associated with apoptosis [46]. LIUBI decreased significantly in dysplastic lesions; this reduction is implicated with an apoptosis diminution, in relation to the results that we observed. There is a remarkable increase of the LVMV on dysplastic lesions induced by cadmium chloride in comparison with controlsLPA1 in Prostate Dysplastic LesionsFigure 4. Mean ?SD of VFBcl-2 (A), LIAPO (B), LIp53 (C), and LIUBI (D). Bars showing lines and asterisks on top of the error bars differ significantly (*p,0.05, **p,0.01, ***p,0.001). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057742.gand normal epithelium of Cd-treated rats; this might be related to the increase of angiogenesis indicated in cancer and preinvasive lesions by other authors [47,48]. Angiogenesis is an important factor in growth and progression of solid neoplasms. Tumor metastasis is also angiogenesis dependent; new capillaries supply a doorway for entry of metastases to the circulatory system [20,21]. When correlation between LILPA1 with the other markers were studied in dysplastic acini of Cd-treated rats, only a significant negative correlation were observed with LIUBI. Nevertheless, a positive correlation with LIPCNA, LIMCM7, LIp53, and LVMV and a negative correlation with LIAPO and VFBcl-2 were found. It canbe possible that LPA-1 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis through ubiquitin. In summary, our study showed an immunoexpression increase of LPA-1 receptor in normal and dysplastic acini of Cd-treated rats, an increment of cell proliferation, a decrease of apoptosis, and an increase of angiogenesis in dysplastic lesions. Finally, it is possible that LPA-1 could attenuate ubiquitin immunoexpression and modify cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the small sample size used in our work is a limitation to draw conclusions. Overall, our findings support other reports that emphasize that 
LPA-1 is associated with prostate cancer development [13,49]. Further studies are needed to determine the role of LPA-1 in prostate cancer.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: RA JMP LS. Performed the experiments: RA ED. Analyzed the data: RA. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: RA JMP LS. Wrote the paper: RA JMP.Table 2. Pearson correlation coefficient of LPA-1 with proliferate, apoptotic, and angiogenesis markers in dysplastic acini of Cd-treated rats.PCNAMCM7 0,681 0,Ubi 20,919 0,Bcl2 20,130 0,Apo 20,650 0,p53 0,728 0,FVIII 0,748 0,Figure 5. Bar diagram showing the mean ?SD of the length of microvessels per unit of volume (LVMV/mm3). Statistical differences are indicated by lines and asterisks on top of the error bars (**p,0.
