Ipt; available in PMC 2015 October 01. Bartness et al. Page 28 Clearly, investigations of the SNS order INK1117 innervation of WAT occupy the vast majority of the 
literature with little attention paid to its sensory innervation. We hope that our review of what is known of the neuroanatomy and function of the sensory innervation of WAT will stimulate further investigations by others. In addition, the clear interaction between the SNS and sensory innervation of WAT in the form of SNS-sensory `feedback loops’, as revealed through the use of transneuronal viral tract tracers, highlights the apparent importance of the sensory innervation for the control of the SNS innervation. As with all the studies of WAT sensory innervation, the question that is begged is `what is being sensed’ Indications of some aspect of SNS activity including SNS/NE stimulated-lipolysis and perhaps a signal of lipid reserves such as leptin head the factors that have begun to be explored. Regarding the sympathetic innervation of WAT, it is irrefutable that activation of the SNS innervation of WAT is the principal PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19847069 initiator of stimulated lipolysis. In addition, the sympathetic innervation of WAT via NE has marked effects on adipocyte proliferation inhibiting the increase in FCN when the SNS innervation is activated and releasing a profound explosion of new adipocytes in its absence or likely with a turning down of sympathetic drive. It is apparent that our understanding of both innervations of WAT has nearly an embryonic status, but for both, notions of the predominance of circulating factors controlling lipolysis and informing the brain of lipid stores belies the accumulating data, especially for the former, and should refocus at least some of the fields efforts towards the `wiring’ of WAT and for that matter BAT given it also has both SNS and sensory innervation as well as the apparent `SNS-sensory’ feedback loops. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript Eukaryotic gene expression is a complex process, comprising several intermediary steps between transcription of the pre-mRNA in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm. These steps include pre-mRNA processing in the form of 5′-end capping, splicing and 3’end cleavage/polyadenylation, as well as nuclear export of the mature mRNP. In addition, the mRNA is subject to quality control, which can affect its stability and translation. All of these processes are tightly controlled and coordinated in a tissue-specific and temporal manner, so as to determine the eventual proteomic composition of a cell. One major class of regulators of mRNA metabolism is the phylogenetically conserved SR protein family. The 12 human SR proteins have a modular domain structure, with one or two RNA-recognition motifs and a C-terminal RS domain comprising multiple Arg-Ser dipeptide repeats. Although all the SR proteins are predominantly nuclear and localize to interchromatin granule clusters or nuclear speckles, six of them shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript The SR proteins have been characterized as essential splicing factors required for constitutive pre-mRNA splicing. Additionally, the 
SR proteins are key regulators of alternative splicing, the process through which ~95% of human genes DM 1 chemical information produce multiple mRNA transcripts by the differential inclusion of exons or exon segments. Although different SR proteins can interchangeably restore.Ipt; available in PMC 2015 October 01. Bartness et al. Page 28 Clearly, investigations of the SNS innervation of WAT occupy the vast majority of the literature with little attention paid to its sensory innervation. We hope that our review of what is known of the neuroanatomy and function of the sensory innervation of WAT will stimulate further investigations by others. In addition, the clear interaction between the SNS and sensory innervation of WAT in the form of SNS-sensory `feedback loops’, as revealed through the use of transneuronal viral tract tracers, highlights the apparent importance of the sensory innervation for the control of the SNS innervation. As with all the studies of WAT sensory innervation, the question that is begged is `what is being sensed’ Indications of some aspect of SNS activity including SNS/NE stimulated-lipolysis and perhaps a signal of lipid reserves such as leptin head the factors that have begun to be explored. Regarding the sympathetic innervation of WAT, it is irrefutable that activation of the SNS innervation of WAT is the principal PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19847069 initiator of stimulated lipolysis. In addition, the sympathetic innervation of WAT via NE has marked effects on adipocyte proliferation inhibiting the increase in FCN when the SNS innervation is activated and releasing a profound explosion of new adipocytes in its absence or likely with a turning down of sympathetic drive. It is apparent that our understanding of both innervations of WAT has nearly an embryonic status, but for both, notions of the predominance of circulating factors controlling lipolysis and informing the brain of lipid stores belies the accumulating data, especially for the former, and should refocus at least some of the fields efforts towards the `wiring’ of WAT and for that matter BAT given it also has both SNS and sensory innervation as well as the apparent `SNS-sensory’ feedback loops. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript Eukaryotic gene expression is a complex process, comprising several intermediary steps between transcription of the pre-mRNA in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm. These steps include pre-mRNA processing in the form of 5′-end capping, splicing and 3’end cleavage/polyadenylation, as well as nuclear export of the mature mRNP. In addition, the mRNA is subject to quality control, which can affect its stability and translation. All of these processes are tightly controlled and coordinated in a tissue-specific and temporal manner, so as to determine the eventual proteomic composition of a cell. One major class of regulators of mRNA metabolism is the phylogenetically conserved SR protein family. The 12 human SR proteins have a modular domain structure, with one or two RNA-recognition motifs and a C-terminal RS domain comprising multiple Arg-Ser dipeptide repeats. Although all the SR proteins are predominantly nuclear and localize to interchromatin granule clusters or nuclear speckles, six of them shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript The SR proteins have been characterized as essential splicing factors required for constitutive pre-mRNA splicing. Additionally, the SR proteins are key regulators of alternative splicing, the process through which ~95% of human genes produce multiple mRNA transcripts by the differential inclusion of exons or exon segments. Although different SR proteins can interchangeably restore.
