Ltivariate analyses, and obtained robust results for their expected pulmonary effects. We also measured dietary and supplementary intakes of multiple other anti-oxidants and anti-inflammatory nutrients, because a protective effect attributed to one antioxidant or micronutrient may actually reflect the effect of another correlated dietary constituent, or an interaction between dietary constituents. Our analysis suggested that the pulmonary effect of dietary curcumin was independent of other antioxidants and 1676428 anti-inflammatory micronutrients.Table 1. Characteristics of study participants (Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Studies).Total N Mean D 228 65.9 67.0 (95) (55) (91) 
(82) 197 12 7 10 2 15 13 201 16 27 24 45 121 45 109 21 7 60.07 63.6 1.91 0.71 11.5 2.51 77.1 0.55 0.73 11.1 10.7 23.2 46.9 21.2 57.9 8.7 3.0 1.59 23.9 1.93 2.55 76.4 13.7 6.0 24 55 22948146 43 93 188 85 232 35 12 60.08 63.6 0.51 0.67 10.0 93.0 373 4.0 16 3.2 13 1.7 7 1.3 2.6 5.0 91.8 4.0 11.5 8.3 18.7 50.1 17.7 50.1 5.8 1.9 1.58 23.6 1.81 2.43 75.0 4.7 19 5.3 3.2 13 4.0 7.7 31 6.1 91 60 79 20 39 74 1368 60 172 124 278 746 264 747 87 29 60.08 63.6 0.55 0.73 11.8 82.5 331 83.2 1240 37.7 (151) 28.2 (420) 39.2 (157) 42.6 (634) 23.2 (93) 29.3 (436) 43.1 (173) 35.7 (532) 31.8 35.7 43.7 20.6 83.0 7.5 3.9 5.6 0.0 2.5 5.3 92.5 3.6 8.9 4.5 12.8 55.4 13.6 41.5 4.7 1.7 1.57 23.3 1.69 2.28 74.7 67.0 67.8 Male 1? room HDB 4? room HDB get Thiazole Orange Higher end public or private Non-Smoker Ex-Smoker,20 cigarettes daily Ex-Smoker 20 cigarettes daily Current Smoker,20 cigarettes daily Current Smoker 20 cigarettes daily Yes Yes At least one serving daily Daily Daily Daily Daily At least one serving daily Daily More than 3 times per week to daily Daily Daily Mean 6SD Mean 6SD Mean 6SD Mean 6SD Mean 6SD 75.4 2.44 1.82 23.6 1.58 60.08 1.59 63.6 23.8 0.54 54 3.1 160 9.2 1237 47.8 443 19.7 1254 53.1 462 19.7 207 10.5 286 11.8 113 7.0 2274 88.2 122 5.7 76 6.6 29 0.9 128 4.4 94 3.1 161 5.3 2066 86.4 727 36.0 1039 39.9 712 24.1 914 41.7 67.6 64.9 65.1 66.1 66.5 401 1490 359 67.6 (114) (138) (157) (74) 298 27 14 20 0 9 19 332 13 32 16 46 199 49 149 17 6 60.08 63.4 0.50 0.65 12.1 or mean (N) or D or mean (N) or D or mean or mean (N) or DVery oftenOftenOccasionalRarely or never (N) or DWhole sampleAge (years), mean (SD)0.012 0.003 0.0.62 0.012 0.76 0.17 0.08 0.23 0.009 0.003 0.10 0.047 0.001 0.029 0.41 0.001 0.12 0.001 0.001 0.GenderHousing statusSmokingReported asthma or COPDPast occupational exposureFruits or vegetable consumptionVitamin A ASP015K supplementVitamin C supplementVitamin E supplementVitamins A, C or E supplementsMilk or dairy products consumptionVitamin D supplement dailyFish consumptionOmega supplementSelenium supplementHeight (metre)Body mass index, Kg/mForced expiratory volume,1s,, litresForced vital capacity, litresFEV1/FVC, ,Curcumin and Pulmonary FunctionVery often ( once a week or daily); Often ( once a month to , once a week; Occasional (once in 6 months to ,once a month); Rarely or never (,once in 6 months). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051753.tCurcumin and Pulmonary FunctionTable 2. Multiple regression analysis of relationships of dietary and supplemental micronutrient consumption with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC.FEV1, litres b Base model Intercept Male gender* Age, single year Height, cm,* Height-squared Body mass index Low end public housing* Mid-range public housing* Current smoker, 20 cigarettes daily Current smoker, ,20 cigarettes.Ltivariate analyses, and obtained robust results for their expected pulmonary effects. We also measured dietary and supplementary intakes of multiple other anti-oxidants and anti-inflammatory nutrients, because a protective effect attributed to one antioxidant or micronutrient may actually reflect the effect of another correlated dietary constituent, or an interaction between dietary constituents. Our analysis suggested that the pulmonary effect of dietary curcumin was independent of other antioxidants and 1676428 anti-inflammatory micronutrients.Table 1. Characteristics of study participants (Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Studies).Total N Mean D 228 65.9 67.0 (95) (55) (91) (82) 197 12 7 10 2 15 13 201 16 27 24 45 121 45 109 21 7 60.07 63.6 1.91 0.71 11.5 2.51 77.1 0.55 0.73 11.1 10.7 23.2 46.9 21.2 57.9 8.7 3.0 1.59 23.9 1.93 2.55 76.4 13.7 6.0 24 55 22948146 43 93 188 85 232 35 12 60.08 63.6 0.51 0.67 10.0 93.0 373 4.0 16 3.2 13 1.7 7 1.3 2.6 5.0 91.8 4.0 11.5 8.3 18.7 50.1 17.7 50.1 5.8 1.9 1.58 23.6 1.81 2.43 75.0 4.7 19 5.3 3.2 13 4.0 7.7 31 6.1 91 60 79 20 39 74 1368 60 172 124 278 746 264 747 87 29 60.08 63.6 0.55 0.73 11.8 82.5 331 83.2 1240 37.7 (151) 28.2 (420) 39.2 (157) 42.6 (634) 23.2 (93) 29.3 (436) 43.1 (173) 35.7 (532) 31.8 35.7 43.7 20.6 83.0 7.5 3.9 5.6 0.0 2.5 5.3 92.5 3.6 8.9 4.5 12.8 55.4 13.6 41.5 4.7 1.7 1.57 23.3 1.69 2.28 74.7 67.0 67.8 Male 1? room HDB 4? room HDB Higher end public or private Non-Smoker Ex-Smoker,20 cigarettes daily Ex-Smoker 20 cigarettes daily Current Smoker,20 cigarettes daily Current Smoker 20 cigarettes daily Yes Yes At least one serving daily Daily Daily Daily Daily At least one serving daily Daily More than 3 
times per week to daily Daily Daily Mean 6SD Mean 6SD Mean 6SD Mean 6SD Mean 6SD 75.4 2.44 1.82 23.6 1.58 60.08 1.59 63.6 23.8 0.54 54 3.1 160 9.2 1237 47.8 443 19.7 1254 53.1 462 19.7 207 10.5 286 11.8 113 7.0 2274 88.2 122 5.7 76 6.6 29 0.9 128 4.4 94 3.1 161 5.3 2066 86.4 727 36.0 1039 39.9 712 24.1 914 41.7 67.6 64.9 65.1 66.1 66.5 401 1490 359 67.6 (114) (138) (157) (74) 298 27 14 20 0 9 19 332 13 32 16 46 199 49 149 17 6 60.08 63.4 0.50 0.65 12.1 or mean (N) or D or mean (N) or D or mean or mean (N) or DVery oftenOftenOccasionalRarely or never (N) or DWhole sampleAge (years), mean (SD)0.012 0.003 0.0.62 0.012 0.76 0.17 0.08 0.23 0.009 0.003 0.10 0.047 0.001 0.029 0.41 0.001 0.12 0.001 0.001 0.GenderHousing statusSmokingReported asthma or COPDPast occupational exposureFruits or vegetable consumptionVitamin A supplementVitamin C supplementVitamin E supplementVitamins A, C or E supplementsMilk or dairy products consumptionVitamin D supplement dailyFish consumptionOmega supplementSelenium supplementHeight (metre)Body mass index, Kg/mForced expiratory volume,1s,, litresForced vital capacity, litresFEV1/FVC, ,Curcumin and Pulmonary FunctionVery often ( once a week or daily); Often ( once a month to , once a week; Occasional (once in 6 months to ,once a month); Rarely or never (,once in 6 months). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051753.tCurcumin and Pulmonary FunctionTable 2. Multiple regression analysis of relationships of dietary and supplemental micronutrient consumption with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC.FEV1, litres b Base model Intercept Male gender* Age, single year Height, cm,* Height-squared Body mass index Low end public housing* Mid-range public housing* Current smoker, 20 cigarettes daily Current smoker, ,20 cigarettes.
