High performance liquid chromatography separation. P19 cells were harvested, washed and MedChemExpress 518303-20-3 resuspended in 50 mM phosphate buffer and stored at 80C until PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1986172 used. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by the fluorimetric determination of MDA adducts separated by HPLC using the ClinRep complete kit. Isolation of mitochondrial and cytosolic extracts Mitochondrial extracts were isolated harvesting P19 cells by trypsinization and by spinning them down at 1,000 g. Pellets were washed once in cold PBS and centrifuged again at 4C. The cell suspension was then resuspended in 0.5 ml of ice cold sucrose buffer supplemented right before use with 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM PMSF and protease inhibitor cocktail containing 1 g/ ml 
of leupeptin, antipain, chymostatin and pepstatin. The cell suspension was then incubated on ice for 20 to 30 minutes. After incubation, cells were transferred to a pre-cooled tissue homogenizer and homogenized 30 times using a tight pestle, while keeping the homogenizer on ice. Progress was monitored every 20 to 30 strokes under a phase contrast microscope and was stopped when more than 90% of cells were burst. Homogenized cells were centrifuged at 3,500 g for 5 minutes at 4C. The supernatant, containing the mitochondrial and cytosolic PP 242 site fractions was collected. Then, the collected supernatant was centrifuged again at 10,000 g during 15 minutes at 4C. The pellet, corresponding to the mitochondrial fraction was resuspended in 50 l of sucrose buffer cited above. The supernatant was again centrifuged at 100,000 g during 30 minutes at 4C. The resulting supernatant contained the cytosolic fraction and was lyophilized in order to concentrate the protein and resuspended in 50 l of the same sucrose buffer. Specific proteins in both fractions were semiquantified by western blotting as described above using antibodies against AIF from Santa Cruz Biotechnology and cytochrome c from Becton Dickenson. Densitometry values were normalized to the levels of Ponceau S for cytosolic extracts, and to the content in translocase of the outer membrane 20 for mitochondrial extracts. Western blot analysis In order to obtain total cellular extracts, P19 cells were harvested by trypsinization, washed with PBS and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1,000 g. The cellular pellet was resuspended in RIPA buffer supplemented with 2 mM ditiothreitol, 100 M phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and a protease inhibitor cocktail, physically ruptured by sonication and kept at 80C until used. Protein contents were determined by using the BCA protein assay. After denaturation at 95C for 5 minutes in a Laemmli buffer, equivalent amounts of protein were separated by electrophoresis in 12% sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrophoretically transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Ponceau S staining was used to ensure equal loading. After blocking membranes with 5% skim milk in TBS-T for 1 hour at room temperature, membranes were incubated overnight at 4C with the antibodies directed against B-cell lymphoma 2, BCL-2-associated X protein and pyruvate dehydrogenase from Cell Signaling; and pSer293-PDH-E1 from Abcam, each previously diluted 1:1,000 in blocking buffer. Undoubtedly, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying HCC progression is crucial for 
effective treatment of the disease. Vaccinia-related kinase 1 is a member of the Ser/Thr kinase family in mammals, and is involved in cell cycle progression, chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope break.High performance liquid chromatography separation. P19 cells were harvested, washed and resuspended in 50 mM phosphate buffer and stored at 80C until PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1986172 used. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by the fluorimetric determination of MDA adducts separated by HPLC using the ClinRep complete kit. Isolation of mitochondrial and cytosolic extracts Mitochondrial extracts were isolated harvesting P19 cells by trypsinization and by spinning them down at 1,000 g. Pellets were washed once in cold PBS and centrifuged again at 4C. The cell suspension was then resuspended in 0.5 ml of ice cold sucrose buffer supplemented right before use with 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM PMSF and protease inhibitor cocktail containing 1 g/ ml of leupeptin, antipain, chymostatin and pepstatin. The cell suspension was then incubated on ice for 20 to 30 minutes. After incubation, cells were transferred to a pre-cooled tissue homogenizer and homogenized 30 times using a tight pestle, while keeping the homogenizer on ice. Progress was monitored every 20 to 30 strokes under a phase contrast microscope and was stopped when more than 90% of cells were burst. Homogenized cells were centrifuged at 3,500 g for 5 minutes at 4C. The supernatant, containing the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions was collected. Then, the collected supernatant was centrifuged again at 10,000 g during 15 minutes at 4C. The pellet, corresponding to the mitochondrial fraction was resuspended in 50 l of sucrose buffer cited above. The supernatant was again centrifuged at 100,000 g during 30 minutes at 4C. The resulting supernatant contained the cytosolic fraction and was lyophilized in order to concentrate the protein and resuspended in 50 l of the same sucrose buffer. Specific proteins in both fractions were semiquantified by western blotting as described above using antibodies against AIF from Santa Cruz Biotechnology and cytochrome c from Becton Dickenson. Densitometry values were normalized to the levels of Ponceau S for cytosolic extracts, and to the content in translocase of the outer membrane 20 for mitochondrial extracts. Western blot analysis In order to obtain total cellular extracts, P19 cells were harvested by trypsinization, washed with PBS and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1,000 g. The cellular pellet was resuspended in RIPA buffer supplemented with 2 mM ditiothreitol, 100 M phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and a protease inhibitor cocktail, physically ruptured by sonication and kept at 80C until used. Protein contents were determined by using the BCA protein assay. After denaturation at 95C for 5 minutes in a Laemmli buffer, equivalent amounts of protein were separated by electrophoresis in 12% sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrophoretically transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Ponceau S staining was used to ensure equal loading. After blocking membranes with 5% skim milk in TBS-T for 1 hour at room temperature, membranes were incubated overnight at 4C with the antibodies directed against B-cell lymphoma 2, BCL-2-associated X protein and pyruvate dehydrogenase from Cell Signaling; and pSer293-PDH-E1 from Abcam, each previously diluted 1:1,000 in blocking buffer. Undoubtedly, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying HCC progression is crucial for effective treatment of the disease. Vaccinia-related kinase 1 is a member of the Ser/Thr kinase family in mammals, and is involved in cell cycle progression, chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope break.
