maintained at a depth of anesthesia where a weak withdrawal to noxious pinch could be elicited for the duration of the experiment. A- and C-cutaneous nociceptors were preferentially activated to elicit withdrawal reflex EMGs using a well-characterized contact heating protocol. Two different rates of heating were applied to the dorsal surface of the left hind paw as these are known to preferentially activate slow/Cnociceptors and fast/A nociceptors respectively. Contact skin temperature at the time of onset of the EMG response was taken as the threshold. A cutoff of 58 C for A-nociceptors, 55 C for C-nociceptors was put in place to prevent sensitization if no response was elicited. If a withdrawal response was not elicited, threshold 188 R.P. Hulse et al. / Neurobiology of Disease 96 186200 was taken as cut-off +2 C. Three baseline recordings were performed before i.t. drug injection with a minimum 8 min inter-stimulus interval, and alternating heating rates, to prevent sensitization or damage to the paw. Digitized data acquisition, digital to analogue conversion, and offline analyses were performed using a CED Micro1401 Mark III and Spike2 version 7 software. 2.4. Nerve injury model The partial saphenous nerve ligation injury model was used to induce mechanical and cold allodynia, as described previously. Under isoflurane anesthesia, the saphenous nerve was exposed via an incision made along the inguinal fossa region of the right hind leg. Approximately 50% of the nerve was isolated and tightly ligated using 4.0 silk suture, and the incision was closed using size 4.0 sterile silk suture. 2.5. Drugs and drug delivery I.t. injections were carried out under isoflurane anesthesia, using 0.5 ml insulin syringes in rats and mice. For i.t. administration, 10 l injections were made in the midline of the vertebral column through the intervertebral space between lumbar vertebrae five and six. The injection was deemed to be in the correct place when it evoked a tail flick response. Rats were used for i.t. antiVEGF-Axxxb experiments, as the 56/1 mouse monoclonal antibody had not been validated in mice at that time. All nociceptive behavioral testing was carried out one hour after intrathecal injection as initial experiments indicated that responses to i.t. PTK peaked at 1 h, and returned to normal by 2 h after injection. All drugs were made up as stock concentrations and then diluted to working concentration in phosphate buffered saline as described in each experiment. Vehicle controls were used for each drug. PTK787 was dissolved in polyethylene glycol 300/PBS, with the final PEG 300 concentration at 0.002%. ZM323881 was made up in DMSO/PBS and given intrathecally at a final concentration of 100 nM ZM323881/0.001% DMSO. Mouse monoclonal VEGF-A165b antibody 56/1, recombinant human VEGF-A 165 A and rhVEGF-A165b were all dissolved in PBS. SRPIN340 -5-phenyl]isonicotinamide; SRPK inhibitor purchased from Ascent Scientific, Bristol, UK) was dissolved in DMSO and diluted to final concentrations in PBS. All MedChemExpress 518303-20-3 peptides and concentrations used have been previously 
shown to exert functional effects in neurons and/or other biological systems. SRPIN340 has been used in several other studies, different pathological states, and was used at a known functional concentration, as previously described. 2.6. Immunohistochemistry Rats were terminally anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital overdose and were PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19839935 perfused transcardially with saline followed by 4% paraformalde
