autocrine effect. Comparing the 2 models, the effect on myostatin is in common while that of the MRFs seems to differ. This indicates that the mechanisms by which Dlk1 influence the myostatin pathway can be segregated from that influencing the MRFs. The different effects of A and C2 isoforms could be due to the possibility that ovine Dlk1 do not exert all of Dlk1’s function in mice. However, a recent study showed that the C2 variant is associated with accelerated regeneration, a finding similar to ours Even so, in the same study they also report that Dlk1-C2 stimulates differentiation and inhibits growth myoblasts, which is opposite to our results of normal growth combined with inhibition of differentiation under Dlk1-A enriched conditions. Therefore differential effects of Dlk1 isoforms should be taken into account. It should also be noted that we have used the CMV promoter and Waddell et al. used the Myf-5 promoter in construction of the transgenic cell lines. Considering that Myf5 appears to be up regulated by Dlk1 this could influence the results. Rhabdomyosarcomas and Dlk1 MyoD activity and the balance 17358052 between MyoD and Myf5 is AIC316 manufacturer essential for the myogenic program controlling terminal differentiation. Targeting mechanisms that reduce the activity of Dlk1 in Skeletal Muscle 13 Dlk1 in Skeletal Muscle MyoD thus result in a switch of rhabdomyosarcoma cells to a differentiated state. Another factor employed in enhancing differentiation is myostatin. In vitro experiments investigating the effect of regulating myostatin in RMS cell cultures have shown that myostatin inhibits RMS cell proliferation but also that reduction in myostatin enhance myogenic differentiation probably by improving MyoD function. In this context our observation that Dlk1 is expressed in RMS is noteworthy, since Dlk1 both appears to reduce myostatin and change the Myf5-MyoD balance. Dlk1 in RMS was found in both undifferentiated cells and multinucleated, early differentiating structures as shown by colocalization with both Pax7 and Myogenin. In the RMS cell line experiments we found that Dlk1 was present during proliferation, could be induced or increased by differentiation medium. Moreover, we detected the presence of both full-length soluble and membrane bound Dlk1 variants in the RMS cell lines. From this, Dlk1 could theoretically be part of an inhibitor of terminal differentiation in RMS, but also other suggested Dlk1 muscle functions could be active such as self- renewal. Addition of anti-Dlk1 antibody, however, did not change the differentiation potential of the RMS cell lines RD and A-204. A factor in this could be that sarcoma gene changes are much more complex, than regenerating cells, thus binding of Dlk1 may not be sufficient to induce differentiation. As the action of Dlk1 appears to be complex, imbalance between isoforms in addition to the specific quantity of Dlk1 might also 11121575 play a critical role in RMS differentiation. However, the consistent Dlk1 expression in RMS shows that the dysregulation of the differentiation program blocks maturation in all types of RMS similar to the transient Dlk1 up regulation observed in other immature states e.g. fetal myogenesis. ~~ ~~ Amphetamine is both addictive, with several notable episodes of widespread abuse worldwide, and therapeutic, for 
treating narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obesity, and traumatic brain injury. While there is little debate that behavioral effects of this important psychostim
