with varying doses of 6 MV X-rays using a Siemens linear accelerator in The Ohio State University Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology. Groups of up to 20 animals were irradiated simultaneously in sterile mouse cages. The cage was placed on a tissue equivalent block of Cerrobend and irradiated from the bottom up. This ensured uniform irradiation of the mice and no buildup effects from the megavoltage photon beam. The radiation procedure took,5 to 10 min per cage. In Study 1, mice were irradiated with a single dose of 6 MV Xrays. For each radiation dose, there were three test groups of 16 mice each. Group 1: irradiated controls that order Varlitinib received an intraperitoneal injection of sterile water with 1% DMSO; Group 2: IDB 3 hrs prior to Xirradiation. Four animals per group were euthanized per week, for Thrombopoietic Activity of the PKC Agonist Ingenol a total of four weeks. There were two baseline control groups of 4 mice each. Group 1: sterile water containing 1% DMSO only; and Group 2: IDB alone. In Study 2, mice were irradiated with a single 6 or 8 Gy dose of X-rays. For each irradiation dose, there were three test groups of 10 mice each. Group 1: irradiated control animals that received sterile water i.p. with 1% DMSO; Group 
2: IDB, administered i.p. 3 hrs prior to X-ray irradiation; and Group 3: IDB, administered 3 hrs prior to X-irradiation. For the 6 Gy dose, mice were euthanized at 14 days postirradiation and analyzed as described below. For the 8 Gy dose, mice were euthanized at 21 days post-irradiation. In study 3, mice were irradiated with 6 Gy of X-rays. Group 1: baseline controls of 5 mice that received sterile water i.p. with 1% DMSO.; Group 2: irradiated animals that received sterile water with 1% DMSO 24 hrs after irradiation; Group 3: IDB, administered i.p. 24 hrs after irradiation. Mice were euthanized at 14 days post-irradiation and analyzed as described below. Animals were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane and bled via the retro-orbital sinus. Blood samples were collected from each animal and placed in 0.25 mL MinicollectH K3EDTA blood collection tubes. Complete blood counts were performed on the same day. After bleeding, the animals were euthanized by exposure to 10% isoflurane, followed by cervical dislocation. The spleens and bone marrow were removed and submitted for histologic evaluation. The tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, sections were embedded in paraffin, cut at 4 m, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and then examined microscopically. Thrombopoietic Activity of the PKC Agonist Ingenol Survival study after mice received lethal doses of Xirradiation Female BALB/c mice were irradiated with a single dose of either 8.5 or 10 Gy of 6 MV X-rays, 10 mice at the former and 20 for the latter dose. Animals received a single dose of either 360 or 1800 mg/kg b.w. of IDB 3 hrs prior to or 24 hrs after irradiation. The clinical status of the animals was monitored daily and the death dates were recorded. Statistical Analysis Platelet, hemoglobin and white blood cell counts of mice between groups were compared respectively using a two-sided ttest for two-group comparisons with a Bonferroni correction if there were multiple group comparisons. To study the survival of BALB/c mice following IDB administration either before or after X-irradiation induced injury, Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted for each group of mice. A Log-rank test was performed to evaluate the equality of survival curves betwee
