. Statistical analysis The results obtained in this work were from triplicate experiments performed independently by identical methods. EIA data and densitometeric measurements from Western blot analyses in mice were log-transformed to normalize the distribution for infected and control samples. Data were expressed as the mean 6 standard error of mean. Data from the P. berghei ANKA infected and control groups were compared. The p values were determined by using nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test. A value of p,0.05 was considered statistically significant. Acknowledgments We thank Morehouse School of Medicine Center for Laboratory Animal Resources staff for technical assistance in animal experiments. The CXCL10 promoter-luciferase construct was obtained as a generous gift from Narayan Bhat. Real-time RT-PCR analysis Animal tissues or cell pellets were stored in MS 275 site Trizol reagent and homogenized in fresh Trizol. Total RNA were isolated from cells using an RNeasy Mini Kit. cDNA were synthesized from the isolated RNA using iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit. Reverse transcription was performed by using random hexamers at 25uC for 5 minutes, 42uC for 30 minutes, and 85uC for 5 minutes. Quantitative PCR were performed using iQ SYBR Green Supermix Peroxisome proliferator activating receptor in cerebral malaria: a novel target for an additional therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2. Taoufiq Z, Gay F, Balvanyos J, Ciceron L, Tefit M, et al. Rho kinase inhibition in severe malaria: ” thwarting parasite-induced collateral damage to endothelia. J Infect Dis 197: 10621073. 11 STAT3 Activation in Severe Malaria 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Armah HB, Wilson NO, Sarfo BY, Powell MD, Bond VC, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum biomarkers of cerebral malaria mortality in Ghanaian children. Malar J 6: 147. Pamplona A, Ferreira A, Balla J, Jeney V, Balla G, et al. Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide suppress the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria. Nat Med 13: 703710. Pamplona A, Hanscheid T, Epiphanio S, Mota MM, Vigario AM Cerebral 11118042” malaria and the hemolysis/methemoglobin/heme hypothesis: shedding new light on an old disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41: 711716. Epiphanio S, Campos MG, Pamplona A, Carapau D, Pena AC, et al. VEGF promotes malaria-associated acute lung injury in mice. PLoS Pathog 6: e1000916. Hunt NH, Stocker R Heme moves to center stage in cerebral malaria. Nat Med 13: 667669. Datta D, Banerjee P, Gasser M, Waaga-Gasser AM, Pal S CXCR3-B can mediate growth-inhibitory signals in human renal cancer cells by downregulating the expression of heme oxygenase-1. J Biol Chem. Geuken E, Buis CI, Visser DS, Blokzijl H, Moshage H, et al. Expression of heme oxygenase-1 in human livers before transplantation correlates with graft injury and function after transplantation. Am 
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